Human Cloning: Genetic Advancement or Genetic Manipulation? :: essays research papers

Human Cloning Genetic Advancement or Genetic treatment?Some people might argue that the real offense would be to hinder the progress of science and experimental investigation with regard to human re-create. That to do so would mean to deny the right to scientifically explore and gain from such. Exploration and discovery in advanced technologies and science quite often proves to be beneficial to mankind however, even though human cloning capabilities may tempt mans inherently diabolical God-playing nature, research, advancement and the expected benefits of human cloning ar likely to dispel predicted human catastrophes. In the alternative, can advances in human cloning lead us into genetic manipulation and world chaos because of best-selling(predicate) myths about cloning and the rapid progress in biotechnology?First, what exactly is cloning? In biology, cloning is used in two contexts cloning a gene, or cloning an beingness. Cloning is the reproduction of a human or animal whose genetic substance is identical to an existing being, such as an fertilized egg or fetus. This is fruitful. Cloning a gene means to extract a gene from whiz organism and insert it into a second organism. Cloning an organism means to create a new organism with the same genetic information as an existing one. This is therapeutic.Since 1885, there have been a number of researchers, scientists, geneticists, reproductive technologists and embryologists, such as August Weismann, Hans Spemann, Walter Sutton, Paul Berg, Steen Willadsen, et al., who have contributed much to the research and development of our current concepts of cloning. Particularly two of the more recent renowned contributors to cloning research and experimentation are Ian Wilmut, a Ph. D. in animal genetic engineering, and Richard Seed, who founded Fertility and Genetics in the 1980s. In 1973, for his thesis at Darwin College, Ian Wilmut created the first calfskin ever produced from a frozen embryo. In 1974, Ian Wilmut joined a research institute known as the Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Today, he is currently joint bespeak of the Department of Gene Expression and Development, with research interests in early mammalian development, embryo manipulation, nuclear transfer and gene targeting in mice, cattle, sheep and pigs.The Roslin Institute, is known for being one of the worlds primary research centers on farm and other animals. In 1996, Professor Wilmut, along with his assistant, Keith Campbell, made history by creating the first organism to be duplicated (cloned) from liberal cells. Their creation infamously became known as Dolly, the first cloned adult sheep.

The Federal Reserve: Central Banking In The Us Essay -- Economics Econ

The Federal modestness Central Banking in the U.S.The Federal Reserve as we know it at once was created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 by President Woodrow Wilson. The Fed, as it is commonly referred, is the central bank for the United States. Primarily, the Feds job is to manage our nations m integrityy supply. anterior to establishing the central bank, the United States did not have a money manager and the financial system was similar to the nation itself, diverse and subject to uneven ripening (San Francisco). This led to frequent depressions and financial panics, and after the Bank Panic of 1907, which consisted of heavy withdrawal of funds, large importations of gold, and among other things, a major bank failing, the public know a central bank was necessary (Herrick).The Federal Reserve scheme is composed of four basic components the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, the Federal pass around Market Committee, the Federal Reserve Banks, and member banks.The Board o f Governors of the Federal Reserve System is an independent federal agency that does not receive any bread and butter from Congress. The Board is made up of seven members who are appointed by the president for one term of 14 years that can span triplex presidential and congressional terms. Two of the appointees are designated by the president as the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board, to serve four-year terms, subject to Senate Confirmation. The Chairman of the Board of Governors is one of the most important decision-makers in American economic policies. Even though members function independently, the Board is required to make an annual report of operations to the verbaliser of the House. If the president sees cause, a member may be removed from the Board. T... ...rable stock in their regional Federal Reserve Bank. Works CitedCourt Rules Federal Reserve is Privately Owned. Save-A-Patriot. 23 Jul 2007 .Fed FAQs. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. 2007. 23 Jul 2007 .Feder al Reserve Bank of Kansas City, FED101. The Reserve Today. 2007. 23 Jul 2007 .The Federal Reserve System in Brief The Nations Central Bank. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. 30 Aug 2006. 23 Jul 2007 .Herrick, Myron. The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons. Annals of the American Academy of Political and affectionate Science 31(1908) 8-25.Kemmerer, Edwin. The ABC of the Federal Reserve System. Fourth. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1920.Obringer, Lee Ann . How the Fed Works. Howstuffworks. 02 May 1992. 23 Jul 2007 .Open Market Operation. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. 2007. 23 Jul 2007 .

She Walks In Beauty by Lord Byron and Douglas Dunns Reincarnation :: English Literature

Both She Walks In Beauty by Lord Byron and Douglas Dunns Reincarnation are about romance.She Walks In Beauty/ ReincarnationBoth She Walks In Beauty by Lord Byron and Douglas DunnsReincarnation are about romance. Although this is true they havemuch to be contrasted. She Walks In Beauty is about a man who istruly besotted with a woman who, from my observations, he doesnt even feel. I think this from the fact that he doesnt babble out about anythingexcept for her looks and he says that he doesnt complete her nameHad half impaird the nameless grace====================================The poet takes pleasures from the womans beauty and, unlikeReincarnation by Dunn, the poem mainly focuses on the womans sexualattraction. She is often compared to perfectionOf cloudless climes and starry skiesThis also shows just how infatuated he is with her. This is an immensescale to put her on as it compares her not only to a section of acountry but to the enormity and perfection of the galaxy. Thismet aphor also refers to her mysterious nature because -the poem was pen almost two hundred years ago, in the early nineteenth century-not much was known about the night skies as it is so far-off away nobodyhas ever been there. This also shows how little he knows about her. Asense of adulation also occurs throughout Lord Byrons poem and itseems as though he cannot criticise her at all.This is completely contrasted with the bond between himself and thewoman in Dunns Reincarnation. We can say, almost certainly, thatReincarnation is autobiographical, as we know that Dunns wife diedin 1984 from cancer. I think the sudden and premature death of hiswife has been the inspiration for this poem that is so full of nakedemotion and so full of true love, unlike the lust for the woman in thepoem by Lord Byron, that you can almost feel his pain.For now I know the shame of being late,Too late.This shows the sorrow he is feeling. It also hints at remorse, givingus the sense that he feels slightly guil ty about the death, which was ostensibly not his fault. It could also be showing us that he feels hehas unfinished business with her or maybe he feels that he didnt have find out to say goodbye because he was so unprepared for it.The diction chosen by Lord Byron is very sophisticated. The words hechooses to use, such as silvern make his poem flow with a smooth andgraceful rhythm. The rhymes in She Walks In Beauty are monosyllabic

Television and Media - Is Iraq the Next Big Hit for Reality TV? Essay

Iraq The Next Big Hit for Reality TV We went into Iraq with a heroic action movie vie in our heads, but the photographs from Abu Ghraib showed us another movie. Not Independence Day but Kill measurementand, in the deluge of new photos and videotapes, Kill Bill 2.Yet for all that the photographs from the Iraqi prison invite comparison to big-budget depravity, this is to give the perpetrators too much creative credit. Ultimately, the better comparison is not to the imaginative pandemonium of a Quentin Tarentino movie but to the mundane chaos of reality TV.To compare the kind of humiliation suffered by the prisoners in Abu Ghraid to reality TV may be in bad taste. The shows count with middle-class men and women who have willingly chosen, based on some twisted idea of celebrity, to subject themselves to public humiliation. The photos deal with citizens of a conquered nation whose humiliation is coerced. The prisoners are literally and figuratively a world away from the caterwauling TV contestants. What is similar about the 2 situations, however, is the underlying energising and the role the camera plays in both.Reality TV is the enactment, for entertainment purposes, of primal drives. These are the drives that Freud identified as libido (the drive for sex) and aggression (the drive to destroy). The two prototypic shows in the reality line-up are Survivor and The Bachelor. The former favors aggression the latter, libido. Other reality shows can be viewed as spin-offs of one or the other of these two The Apprentice, for example, is Survivor set in the corporate board room Extreme Make-over is The Bachelor set in a plastic surgeons office.Although in most of these shows, one drive predominates, it is impossible, as Fr... ... purgation and a penanceand perhaps in some cases it does. But the general result is to normalize the unchained display of aggression and libido. In a culture saturated with the exposure of primal impulses, constraint no longer carries a ny weight. The camera has given engage to the idea that everything is permitted when it is exhibited in public view.Who can blame the soldiers, then, for behaving as though they were on a reality TV show? The humiliation to which they subjected their prisoners probably seemed to them corresponding the antics perpetrated on Survivor only a few months earlier. Because cameras were present, their behavior probably seemed more acceptable rather than less. After all, if one takes a picture, it enters the culture of theatrical performance where it becomes normalized into a prank, a spectacle, or, at worst, the unfortunate consequence of losing a game.

Teaching in America Essay -- Education Educating Essays

Teaching in America ABSTRACT The term watching is usually used in the Academy without a clear sense of what is meant, resulting in imprecise and ineffective teaching. The standard lines-that teaching is a matter of applying sanctioned methods, that teaching is mostly a matter of teaching skills-as-means to some career or whatever-are reflective of failure in the Academy, measured in its defect compute of around 30 percent. The definition of teaching I sketch-skills adopted from a theoretical foundation, in turn based on a critique-is well founded in the scholarly tradition. Such a definition is, however, challenging to an Academy at the end of an ancien rgime. It has been apparent for a couple decades that something is wrong with the way we teach in this country. Most of the attention is focused on the grades, but higher education is no longer exempt from criticism. The most alarming reports are quite an consistent Between 27 percent and 35 percent of students entering the colleg e and university system do not complete the program they enter. (1) That so many students should be admitted, then lost along the way, is an unacceptable defect rate.General InterestThere is a vast literary corpus on the field of battle of what is wrong with the teaching system. It ranges from alarming reports in the popular press to practical and anecdotal accounts, to what passes for scholarly reportage of research backed by significant globe and private grants.The popular press is, per def., popular it favors the tangible (readin, writin n rithmetic). Scholarly reportage is contradictory, e. g. One report, in a teachers-union publication, tells us that two-year-college students entering upper-division study are oft likel... ...er published a very insightful essay on the irrelevance of current economic theory and the economists who produce it. The picture is complex, but the gist of it is, recent school-economics is so caught up in fanciful application of ever-more-recondite skills, that all sense of the larger world supposedly being modeled is lost. It turns out that Keynes and his successors were the last of that like to have their feet firmly planted in reality - as well as being generally better applied-mathematicians. As I read this essay, it seemed to me much the same could be said for the exponents of quantitative political science, quantitative sociology and so on These folks owned their fields in the 1970s and 1980s today they are little heard from, and what they present as science - as, e. g., in The Bell Curve of a couple years back - is rightly laughed at as sheer silliness.

Teaching in America Essay -- Education Educating Essays

Teaching in America ABSTRACT The term education is usually used in the honorary society without a clear sense of what is meant, resulting in imprecise and ineffective teaching. The standard lines-that teaching is a content of applying approved methods, that teaching is mostly a matter of teaching skills-as-means to some career or whatever-are reflective of failure in the Academy, measured in its defect rate of around 30 percent. The interpretation of teaching I sketch-skills adopted from a theoretical foundation, in turn based on a critique-is well founded in the scholarly tradition. Such a definition is, however, challenging to an Academy at the end of an ancien rgime. It has been apparent for a couple decades that something is wrong with the way we teach in this country. Most of the attention is focus on the grades, but higher education is no longer exempt from criticism. The most alarming reports are quite consistent Between 27 percent and 35 percent of students entering the college and university system do not complete the program they enter. (1) That so many students should be admitted, then lost along the way, is an insufferable defect rate.General InterestThere is a vast literary corpus on the subject of what is wrong with the teaching system. It ranges from alarming reports in the hot press to practical and anecdotal accounts, to what passes for scholarly reportage of research backed by significant public and private grants.The popular press is, per def., popular it favors the tangible (readin, writin n rithmetic). Scholarly reportage is contradictory, e. g. One report, in a teachers-union publication, tells us that two-year-college students entering upper-division study are more likel... ...er published a very perceptive essay on the irrelevance of current economic theory and the economists who produce it. The picture is complex, but the gist of it is, modern school-economics is so caught up in notional application of ever-more-recondite skill s, that all sense of the larger world supposedly being modeled is lost. It turns out that Keynes and his successors were the last of that ilk to have their feet firmly planted in reality - as well as being generally better applied-mathematicians. As I read this essay, it seemed to me much the same could be said for the exponents of vicenary political science, quantitative sociology and so on These folks owned their fields in the 1970s and 1980s today they are little heard from, and what they consecrate as science - as, e. g., in The Bell Curve of a couple years back - is rightly laughed at as sheer silliness.

Techology Review

Technology Review Create a list of five educational games website 1. Pbskids. org 2. Starfall. com 3. Ixl. com 4. FunBrain. com 5. abc nobble. com www. Ixl. com- IXL make mathematics practices fun and motivate students through interactive games and practice questions. Widely recognized as the Webs most comprehensive math site, IXL offers a dynamic and sweet environment for children to practice math. Students who practise IXL be succeeding like never before.With that said, this website allow teachers and parents to create accounts for their students, track their progress, and view a rich mixed bag of reports showing them just how their students are improving. It also enables students to correct their mistakes and master math concepts intimately. With little training, it is very easy to use and manipulate. For a teacher and thirty students to possess unlimited access to this educational Web-based technology for the whole year, the school or teacher mustiness pay $199. This techn ology provides an excellent technical support.It is readily open at any point and time of day twenty-four sevener of the day. Many teachers get hold of testify that this web-based technology servicing students to be stimulated, engaged, enthusiastic most math and reduces frustration out of math because it gives students the prospect to practice at his or her own pace and keep them focused. www. FunBrain. com- Teachers can use or tailor-make over 40,000 correct-made quizzes for all ages and grade levels, track student and class progress daily with instant analysis, and assign FunBrain games that build skills and correlate to national test standards.Teachers can confidently encourage students to use Funbrain in the classroom during their impeccant time, assured that kids will enjoy an educational, safe online learning experience. Funbrains games help students build on what they involve learned in class and acquire new skills in reading, math, and problem solving. Funbrain to delivers an easy, fun and safe experience for even the youngest children. It introduces preschoolers to the Internet and teaches them how to manipulate the mouse and keyboard.Funbrain is free of cost to students but teachers ought to pay $39. 95 social station fee yearly to have full access. This technology is available to teachers twenty four seven but I think students have access to it only at school. This personalized to help students of all ages take control of their learning and make it department of their everyday lives. www. Starfall. com- The Starfall reading program is designed to be fun, exciting, and to instill confidence in young children as they learn to read.This web-based technology provides clear and in force(p) tools to help teachers implement proven teaching methods. The Starfall Website is easy for students to navigate independently, but it is non intended as a surrogate for the teacher. Starfall employs the estimator to develop feelings of wonderment and play, not rote assessment. The activities, songs and books complement your classroom by creating an atmosphere of fun and enthusiasm that infuses all aspects of learning. This site is available to teachers and students twenty four seven and its free of charge.Technology Review1 Technology Review Joyce A. Sama EDU225 Instructional Technology January 18, 2012 Professor Tisha Faulkner Grant Technology Review2 Starfall. com is a web based resource technology that can easily be integrated into most k-2 classrooms to enhance students language and literacy skills which can increase student learning. Starfall includes alphabet knowledge, cvc readers, emergent readers and seasonal interactive activities. The format is engaging and student-user friendly. here(predicate) are two ays Starfall could be integrated into the classroom setting. The teacher could use the projected on the Interactive white board during a whole assort review or at the students computer centers when reviewing literac y skills. To use Starfall technology within the classroom, the teacher would need an internet connection and a computer or two. This is a free resource, all teacher may need is a projector, lap top and interactive white board for whole convention activities and classroom computers or computer lab for the students to use independently.A teacher must also book mark Starfall by adding it on the computers toolbar. The bookmark has the actors line Starfall and an image of a star making it super easy to teach students what bookmark to click on to access Starfall. Starfall is making teaching more effective through the combination of educational games, online stories, and songs which is meeting the needs of those who are lacking in many areas with a fun and interesting activities. Technology Review3 There are three ship canal a teacher could integrate IXL into the classroom.One way is to pictake the work out of homework. This is what the teacher will have to do. For homework assignments, she could have the class work on IXL skills from their home. She must pick out skills that correspond to your lesson for the day, and then have the students reinforce their understanding of those skills on IXL. The next day, use IXLs reporting suite to make sure that all the students completed their assignments, and to see how well they did Another strategy she could use is to pair up IXL with the electronic whiteboard.IXL technology is compatible with all electronic whiteboards, so project the site onto your classroom e-board to involve the entire class. The teacher could have the students answer questions in turn, or even make a competition out of it. With this integration the students will be excited to show you the teacher what theyve learned on IXL. The last way IXL could be integrated into the classroom is by making the most of the class lab time. Since IXL is accessible from anywhere, its the perfect way to make sure the students are learning valuable skills in the computer l ab.Give the kids some IXL topics to work on, and be ready to marvel at how much fun they have earning medals and awards for mastering skills. Plus, the lab is one place youll be happy to have real-time progress updates as you are using IXLs reporting suite to make sure everyone stays on task. Technology Review4 Here are few ways FunBrain. com could be integrated into classroom. One ways is the teacher setting up a learning center with the Smart Boards. Because Smart Boards are touchable, it gives student the opportunity to touch them with special markers and the screen respond.This versatile tool allows a wide range of teaching and learning option in the classroom. Funbrain. com could be projected on smart board so that the children can play math or language art games from the website. The teacher could use the FunBrain web-based technology to quiz students individually on a classroom desktop computer as a formative or summative assessment. Teachers could also use the FunBrain flash card game as a review tool for the entire classroom. FunBrain. om also have an online activity called Pain by Idioms that provides examples of idioms which asks students to determine the real meaning of the phrases. Teachers could use this tool as a formative assessment to determine which students have mastered this skill. Another activity I found online that a teacher could integrate into her classroom is the activity called rhetorical Language Skits. The game is started by a student picking a card from deck of figurative language cards that has been designed by the teacher, and must act out the word on the card until someone guesses the answer.For example, a student could act out running as fast as buoy up or ducking cats and dogs as it rains. This activity appeals to spatial, verbal, interpersonal and kinesthetic learners, targeting different students who learn information in varying ways. Technology Review5 Reference www. Starfall. com/Aboutus Company Information. www. IXL. co m http//www. ixl. com/membership/school/integration Facts about Us. www. FunBrain. com How to Integrate IXL into the Classroom. www. edutechlife. com Integrating FunBrain. www. eHow. com

Cases of Indian Contract Act 1872 Essay

The Carbolic Smoke Ball Comp whatever made a mathematical product called the gage ball. It claimed to be a cure for grippe and a descend of other diseases, in the context of the1889-1890 flu pandemic (estimated to arrive killed 1 million people). The smoke ball was a rubber ball with a furnish attached. It was filled with carbolic acid (or phenol). The tube would be inserted into a users nose and squeezed at the bottom to release the vapours. The nose would run, ostensibly flushing push through viral infections. The Company published advertisements in the Pall Mall Gazette and other newspapers on November 13, 1891, claiming that it would patch up 100 to any ane who got sick with influenza after using its product according to the instructions provided with it. 1001 reward go away be paid by the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company to any person who demands the increasing epidemic influenza colds, or any disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three ages daily for both weeks, according to the printed directions supplied with for each one ball. pace is deposited with the Alliance Bank, Regent Street, showing our sincerity in the matter.During the last epidemic of influenza many thousand carbolic smoke balls were sold as preventives against this disease, and in no as real(a)ed case was the disease contr fareed by those using the carbolic smoke ball.One carbolic smoke ball go away last a family several months, making it the cheapest excuse in the world at the scathe, 10s. post free. The ball can be refilled at a cost of 5s. Address Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, 27, Princes Street, Hanover Square, London. Mrs Louisa Elizabeth Carlillsaw the advertisement, bought one of the balls and used it three times daily for nearly two months until she set outed the flu on 17 January 1892. She claimed 100 from the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. They ignored two letters from her husband, a solicitor. On a third request for her reward, they replied with a n anonymous letter that if it is used properly the company had complete confidence in the smoke balls efficacy, but to protect themselves against all fraudulent claims they would need her to come to their office to use the ball each day and be canvas by the secretary. Mrs Carlill brought a claim to court. The barristers representing her argued that the advertisement and her reliance on it was a contract surrounded by her and the company, and so they ought to make up. The company argued it was non a serious contract. favor1.Abdul Aziz vs. Ma union Ali, (1914).The secretary of a Mosque Committee filed a suit to hold a ring which the promisor had made to subscribe Rs. 500 to the re-building of a mosque. Held the call up was non enforceable because at that place was no retainer in the sense of benefit, as the person who made the pact gained nonhing in return for the promise made, and the secretary of the Committee to whom the promise was made, suffered no detriment as nonhi ng had been done to carry out the repairs. Hence the suit was dismissed.2.Kedar Nath vs. Gauri Mohamed, (1886)The facts of this case were near similar to those of the above case, but the secretary in this case incurred a liability on the strength of the promise. Held The sum could be recovered, as the promise resulted in a sufficient detriment to the secretary. The promise could, even so, be enforced moreover to the extent of the liability (detriment) incurred by the secretary. In this case, the promise, even though it was gratuitous, became enforceable because on the faith of the promise secretary had incurred a detriment.3.Durga Prasad vs. Baldeo, (1880)B spent some money on the improvement of a market at the desire of the collector of the district. In consideration of this D who was using themarket promised to fabricate some money to B. Held The agreement was void being without consideration as it had not go at the desire of D.4.Chinnaya vs. Ramayya, (1882)An old lady, by a deed of gift, made over certain property to her daughter D, under the direction that she should pay her aunt, P ( sister of the old lady), a certain sum of money annually. The same day D entered into an agreement with P to pay her the agreed amount. later on, D refused to pay the amount on the plea that no consideration had moved from P to D. Held P was entitled to maintain suit as consideration had moved from the old lady, sister of P, to the daughter, D.5. Debi Radha Rani vs. Ram Dass, (1941)D is ready to sue her husband for maintenance allowance. On husbands agreeing to pay her a monthly allowance by way of maintenance, she for splays to sue. Held The wifes forbearance to sue amount to consideration for the husbands agreement for payment of maintenance allowance.6. Ramchandra Chintaman vs. Kalu Raju, (1877) at that place was a promise to pay to the Vakil an additional sum if the suit was successful. Held The promise was void for want of consideration. The Vakil was under a pre- existing contractual obligation to render the best of his function under the original contract.7. Dunlop Pneumatic Tyres Co. Ltd. Vs. Selfridge & Co. Ltd., (1915) S bought tyres from the Dunlop Rubber Co. & sold them to D, a sub-dealer, who agreed with S not to sell these tyres below Dunlops list harm and to pay the Dunlop Co. 5 as damages on every tyre D undersold, D sold two tyres at less than the list price and thereupon the Dunlop Co. Sued him for the breach. Held The Dunlop Co. Could not maintain the suit as it was stranger to the contract.Capacity to ContractMohiri Bibi vs. Dharmodas Ghose, (1903)In this case, a minor owed his kinfolk in favour of a money-lender tosecure a loan of Rs. 20,000 out of which the mortgagee (the money-lender) paid the minor a sum of Rs. 8,000. Subsequently the minor sued for setting aside the mortgage, stating that he was minor(ip) when he executed the mortgage. Held The mortgage was void and, therefore, it was cancelled. Further the money-len ders request for the repayment of the amount advanced to the minor as part of the consideration for the mortgage was too not accept. drift of LawSolle vs. Butcher, (1950)Ignorantia juris non excusat, i.e., ignorance of law is no excuse, is a well settled rule of law. A party cannot be allowed to get any relief on the ground that it had done a particular act in ignorance of law. A mistake of law is, therefore, no excuse, and the contract cannot be avoided.Mistake as to the Subject-MatterCouturier vs. Hastie, (1856)A agreed to sell a cargo of corn supposed at the time of contract to be in passing from Salonica to the United Kingdom. Unknown to the parties, the corn had become fermented and had already been sold by the master of the ship at Tunis. Held The agreement was void and the clouder was not conceivable for the price.Mistake as to the Identity of the Subject-MatterRaffles vs. Wichelhaus, (1864)W agreed to buy from R a cargo of cotton to arrive ex-peerless from Bombay. There were two ships of that address sailing from Bombay, one sailing in October and the other in December. W meant the former ship but R meant the latter contract.Remedies for Breach of ContractHadley vs. BaxendaleXs mill was stopped by the breakdown of a shaft. He delivered the shaft to Y, a common carrier, to be taken to a manufacturer to model it defy a new one. X did not make known to Y that delay would result in mis promontory of profits.By some inattention on the part of Y the delivery of the shaft was slow in transit beyond a reasonable time (so that the mill was idle for a longer compass point than otherwise would have been the case had there been no breach of the contract of carriage). Held Y was not liable for loss of profits during the conclusion of delay as the circumstances communicated to Y did not show that a delay in the delivery of the shaft would entail loss of profits to the mill. Alderson, B observed in this case as followsWhere two parties have made a contra ct which one of them has broken, the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect of breach of contract should be much(prenominal) as may fairly and reasonably be considered either arising naturally, i.e., according to the usual course of things, from such breach of contract itself, or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both the parties at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it.Quasi ContractsDamodar Mudaliar vs. Secretary of State for India, (1894)A village was irrigated by a tank. The Government effected certain repairs to the tank for its preservation and had no intention to do so gratuitously for the za themears. The zamindars enjoyed the benefit thereof. Held They were liable to contribute.A husband promised to pay his wife a house hold allowance of 30 every month. Later the parties separated and the husband failed to pay the promised amount. The wife sued for the promised allowanceHeldThe wife will not succeed as agreements such as this did not create any legal obligations vis a vis legal relations.Rose & Frank Co. VS Crompton Bros. Ltd. Intention to Create Legal RelationshipFactsThere was an agreement amid these two companies by means of which rose and frank co. was appointed as the agent of Crompton Bros. Ltd. One clause in the agreement utter that the agreement is not entered into as legal and formal and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts.HeldThere was no spine and legally enforceable contract between the 2 companies as there was no intention to create legal relationship.Upton Rural District Council VS Powell Implied ContractFactsA fire broke out in Powells maturate. He called upon the fire brigade to put out the fire which the latter did. Now Powells farm did not come under fire service zone although he believed it to be so.HeldHe was liable to pay for the service rendered as the services were rendered by Upton plan of attack Brig ade on an implied promise to pay.Willkie vs. London passenger transport board Implied AgreementWhen a transport company runs a bus there is an implied call by the transport company to carry passengers for certain fare. The acceptance of the vortex is complete as soon as a passenger boards a bus that is, implied acceptance.Boulton Vs Jones (1857) Offer made to a particular personFacts Jones used to have business dealings with Brockle Hurst. He sent an order (offer) to Brockle Hurst for the purchase of certain goods. By the time the order reached Brockle Hurst, he had sold his business to Boulton. Boultonreceiving the order sent all the goods to Jones as per the order without informing Jones of the changing of the hands of the business. When Jones learnt that the goods were not supplied by Brockle Hurst, he refused to pay for the goods. His contention was that he had never placed an order to Boulton, the offer being made to Brockle Hurst, and therefore had no intention to make a contract with Boulton.HeldJones was not liable to pay ( Section 64 will also apply )Carlill VS Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1893) General offerFactsThe suspect company advertised in several newspapers that a reward of 100 would be paid to any person who contracted influenza, cold, or any other disease associated with cold even after using the smoke balls of the company a preventive remedy, 3 times a day, for 2 weeks in concurrence with the printed directions. They also announced that a sum of 1000 had been deposited with the Alliance Bank as a proof of their sincerity.The plaintiff, Mrs. Carlill had seen the advertisement, used the smoke balls according to the printed directions and for a period as specified, but still contracted influenza. She sued the defending company to claim the reward of 100 as advertised by the company.The suspects argued inter alia that it was impossible to contract with the whole world and that she should have notified / communicated to them of her accep tance of the offer.HeldRejecting the argument the Court held that the advertisement constituted the offer to the whole world at large ( general offer) which was accepted by the plaintiff by conduct. ( by using smoke balls) . Therefore she wasjustified to the reward of 100.The Court observed that by performing the required act and complying with the necessary conditions attached to the offer of this kind ( general offer) the offeree has sufficiently accepted the offer and there is no need for any formal notification / chat of her acceptance to the offer.Note This is the principle of English Law of contract and endorsed by Section 8 of ICA. The effect of the decision in Carlills case is that surgical operation of stipulated condition of the proffer is not only acceptance of the proposal but it is also sufficient communication of the acceptance.Lalman Shukla vs. Gauri Dutt (1913)Facts In this case, G (defendant) sent his servant l (plaintiff) in search of his missing nephew. G afterwards announced a reward for information concerning the missing boy. It traced the boy in ignorance of any such announcement. later when he came to know of this reward, he claimed it.Held It was held that since the plaintiff was ignorant of the offer of reward, his Act of bringing the lost boy didnt amount to the acceptance of offer and therefore he was not entitled to claim the reward.Fitch vs. SmedabarHeld In this case the American Court has held that a reward cannot be claimed by one who didnt know that it had been offered.Harbhajan Lal vs. Harcharan LalFacts In this case a young boy had run away from his fathers house. The father had offered a reward of Rs. 55 to anyone who finds the boy and brings him home. The plaintiff who was aware of the offer of reward found the boy on a railway station and informed the father. The plaintiff claimed the reward. the father contended that since the plaintiff had not brought the boy he is not entitled to the reward.British judge means the( C.J of the privy council ) held that although there is no strict compliance of the condition of the reward, the plaintiff was however aware of the reward, the plaintiff was however aware of the reward an there is substantial performance. The plaintiff was held entitled to succeed.information was very much trust worthy found on which father.Harvy vs. FaceyFacts The defendants were the owners of the plot of land named Bumper Hall Pen . The plaintiff being interested in purchasing the same sent a conducting wire to the defendants will you sell us Bumper Hall Pen ? Telegraph lowest cash price .(1st telegram)The defendants replied also by a telegram lowest price for BHP, 900 asked by you. (2nd telegram)The plaintiff immediately sent another telegram to defendants we agree to buy BHP for 900 as asked by you. (3rd telegram)The defendants subsequently refused to sell the plot of land at that price. The plaintiffs contained that the telegram from the defendants quoting lowest p rice was an offer and the same has been accepted by the plaintiff and thus, the contract is complete.The defendants contended that quoting the price was not an offer which could be accepted.HeldThe Judicial Committee of tin can Council held that the exchange of the above telegrams have not resulted into a contract. It was observed that the 1st telegram had asked two questions regarding willingness to sell and the other regarding the lowest price. In reply only the lowest price was quoted and this was not an offer but a immaculate supply of information as desired by the other party.The third telegram from the plaintiffs saying he agrees to buy was only an offer and not the acceptance of an offer. Since this offer of the plaintiff had not been accepted, there was no binding contract between the parties.Fischer vs. Bell (1961) Display of goodsFactsThe defendant Bell, exhibited in a show window in his shop, a glossa with a marked price. The question arose whether the exhibition of that knife in the show window executed an offer for barter.HeldLord Parker, the party boss justice, stated that the display of an article in a shop window is barely an invitation to treat. It is in sense an offer for sale, the acceptance of which constitutes a contract. It is quite impossible to say that an exhibition of goods in a shop window in itself an offer for sale.Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain vs. Boots Cast Chemist Ltd. (1952) Display of GoodsHeld The display of articles on shelves in a self-service shop / strain merely amounts to invitation to treat.Ramsgate capital of Seychelles Hotel Company vs. Montefeire (1866) if time not stipulatedFacts On 8th June, M offered to take shares in R company. He received a letter of allotment on 23rd November. M refused to take the shares.HeldM was entitled to refuse as the offer had lost by the delay of acceptance since the period of 5 months was not a reasonable one.Hyde vs. Wrench (1840) Counter offerFacts W, the defen dant, had offered to sell his farm to H, the plaintiff, for 1000. upon the defendants refusal to sell the farm, the plaintiff brought an carry out for specific performance.HeldThe Court held that an offer to buy for 950 was not an acceptance of the offer to buy because the offer to sale was for 1000. it was a counter offer and a counter offer to a proposal amounts to its rejection. As such no contract had come into existence between the parties.Neale vs. Merret Counter offerNote this case law also highlights that the offeree mustiness not deviate from the terms and conditions of the original offer as laid down by the offerer.Facts M, the defendant offered to sell land to N the plaintiff at 280. N acceptedand enclosed 80 with a promise to pay the balance by monthly installments of 50 each.HeldThere was no contract between M and N as the acceptance was not qualified ( unconditional). Thus, an offer once rejected is dead and cannot be revived by its subsequent acceptance.Brogd en vs. metropolitan line Co. (1877) Acceptance communication necessaryFacts A draft agreement relating to supply of coal was sent to the manager of a railway company viz. Metropolitan Railway company. For his acceptance the manager wrote the words, approved and put the draft in his drawer of his table intending to sent it to the companies solicitors for a formal contract to be displace up. Through oversight the contract remained in the drawer.HeldThere was no contract because there was no communication of acceptance.Felthouse vs. Bindley (1862) Acceptance communication necessaryFacts F (uncle) offered to buy his nephews horse for 30 saying if I hear no more about it I shall consider the horse mine at 30. (offer must not thrust the burden of acceptance.) the nephew did not write / reply to F at all. He told his auction off, B to keep the particular horse out of sale of his farm stock as he intended to reserve it for his uncle, F. B the auctioneer, inadvertently, sold the horse. F sued him, B, for conversion of his property.HeldF has no right of action against the auctioneer since the horse was not sold to him. This offer of 30 having not been properly accepted, since the nephew had not properly communicated the acceptance to F.The Court observed that it was clear that the nephew had in his mind the intention to sell his horse to his uncle. But an unconditional assent to accept unaccompanied by any external inclination will not suffice. ordinarily the person to whom the proposal is sent need not reply and the general rule acceptance of offer will not be implied, intended from the mere silence on the part of the offeree.Adams vs. Mindsell (1818) Acceptance by non-instantaneous methodsNote this was the first case in which the rule of acceptance by non instantaneous methods was propagated.Household Fire & Carriage Accident Insurance Co. Ltd vs. GrantNote one of the more obvious consequence of the postal acceptance rule is that the offerer must bear th e price of the letter of acceptance being delayed or lost. This based on the fact that posting the acceptance makes it invariably out of the offerees control.HeldIn household fire case, the Court of appeal held that the defendant, Grant, was the offerer who had applied for shares in the company and to whom a letter of allotment ( acceptance letter, hence the company is the acceptor) had been stick on but which had not reached him was nevertheless, liable as a share holder. The legal defects of the Courts decision is that acceptance is complete as against the offerer, that is, the offerer will be bound as soon as the letter is posted. A binding contract takes place between the parties even if the letter of acceptance is delayed due to postal strike or loss in transit.Where however, the delay or loss is due to the fault of the acceptor, as inthe case of an acceptance, which is incorrectly addressed, or insufficiently stamped. The rule is that it will take effect of and when it is re ceived by the offerer, provided the offer is still enforced by them or is received indoors a reasonable time.Durga Prasad vs Baldeo (1880) Consideration must be given at the desire of the promisor.Facts The plaintiff, baldeo, at the desire and requset of the elecotr of the town expanded money in the construcvtion of a marjet in the town. Subsequently the defendants, Durga Prasad & Ors. Occupied the shops in the market. Since the plaintff had spent money for the constructoin of the market, the defendants in consideratoin thereof, promised to pay to plaintiff, a commission on the articles ssold throuhg their (defendants) shops in that market. Defendants however, failed to pay the promised commission, the plaintiff brought an action to recover the promised commission.HeldThe plaintiff will not succeed since the agreement was void for the want of consideration.It was observed in this case that the consideration of the promisre to pay the commission was the winding of market by the pl aintiff. But the expenses incuurred by the plaintiff in construction of the market was not there in the desire of the defendants (promisors) but at the warrant/ request of the 3rd party ie, contractor of the town.It was therefore, held that since the consideraion for the construction of markeet did not move at the desire of the defendants., that is, the promisor ( D & Ors.). It did not constitute a legal / good consideration. Hence the defendants were not liable in respect of the promise made by them, following the first legal rule.Kedarnath Bhaattacharya vs Gauri Mohammed. (1887, Cal HC )Facts The town planners of howrah,thought advisable to vertical a townhall at howrah,provided sufficeient subscription were collected.with the object in view the commisioner of howrah municipality started to raise necessary fund by public subscription.the defendants one of the subscribors of this fund for Rs 100 sign his name in the subscription book at that amount.On the faith of the promised subscription the plaintiff (commisioner of the howrah municpality) entered into a contract with a contractor for the purpose of the building the town hall.Later the defendant subscriber referred to pay the amount upon the promise to pay / subscribe. In other words ,he contended that there would be no personal benefit / import by the construction of the hall.Held He was held liable. It was observed that in he case person were asked to knowingly subscribe the purpose to which the money was to be applied / use. They also knew, that on the faith of their subscription and an obligation was to be incurred to pay the contactor for the work. The Act of plaintiff is entering into contract with the contractor was done at the desire of the prommisor so as to constitute a good consideration within the meaning of the section 2(d) of ICA.Chinnaya vs ramayya (1882 Madr HC)Facts A, an old lady, granted / gfted an estate to her daughter the defendant, with the direction / condition that the daughte r should pay an annuity ( annual payment ) of Rs 653 to As brother, the plaintiff.On the same day the defendant, daughter (promisor) , made a promise vis a vis an agreement with her uncle that sshe would pay the annuity as directed by her mother, the old lady.Later the defendant refused to pay on the ground that her uncle (promisee, plaintiff) has not given any consideration. She contended that her uncle was stranger to this consideration and hence he cannot claim the money as a matter of right.HeldThe Madras HC held that in this agreement between the defendant and plaintiff the consideration has been furnished on behalf of the plaintiff (uncle ) by his own sister (defendants mother). Although the plaintiff was stranger to the consideration but since he was a party to the contract he could enforce the promise of the promisor, since under Indian law, consideration may be given by the promisee or anyone on his behalf vide Section 2 (d) of ICA.Thus, consideration furnished by the old lady constitutes sufficient consideration for the plaintiff to sue the defendant on her promise. Held, the brother / uncle was entitled to a decree for payment of the annual sum of money.Thomas vs Thomas (1842)Tweddle vs Atkinson (1861) See Bottom HeldIt was held in these cases that the under the English law, that if the consideration is furnished by any person other than the promisee himself, then the promisee is relegated to the vista and status of a stranger to the consideration and therefore, he cannot sue for promise.Harvey vs Gibbons Facts In this case a servant was promised 50 in consideration of promise that he would release a debt to his master.HeldThis is legally impossible.Collins vs Godefroy (1831) Facts The promisee, plaintiff, received subpoena (summon from the Court) to appear at a trial as a witness on behalf of the defendant (promisor). The defendant promised him a sum of money for the troubles which was to be taken by him in appearing that case. A person who rece ives a subpoena is bound to find out and give evidence before the Court. Later the defendant refused to pay the promised amount. The plaintiff sued him to recover the promised amount.HeldIt was held that there was no consideration for promise. The plaintiff being already a legal duty to attend.But where the undertaking is to do something more than what the promisee is legally bound. This may constitute a good consideration for the promise of the promisor.Glasbrook Bros. Ltd. Vs Glamerglan County Council (1925)Facts Glamerglan County Council, a law authority, sued for a summ of 2200 promised to it by Glasbrook Brothers Ltd. a colliery company. The police authority had provided a stronger retain during a strike, as required by thecompany than was in its opinion, necessary.Held It was held that providing stronger guard then what was actually necessary was a good consideration and the defendants were liable to pay for the same.Tweddle Vs AtkinsonNote The rule that only parties to t he contract can sue each other was recognised for the first time in 1861 in this case.FactsIn this case, the plaintiff, A , married a girl B. After this marriage a contract in writing was made between the fathers of the married couple that each should make a payment of a certain sum to A who should have the power to sue the executors of her father in laws estate for the promised money by the father in law.HeldIt was held that the husband could not sue her since1. He was not a party to the contract (stranger to a contract), as also 2. No consideration has moved from him to his father in law (stranger to the consideration)Guarantee Bailment coverMadho Shah vs Sita RamNote The liability of the surety is said to be vicarious with that of the Principal Debtor. Vicarious liability means that the liability between two parties is conjugate and several. The Principle of Vicarious Liability involved in a contract of guarantee was recognised for the first time in this case.R . Lilavati vs Bank of BarodaThe loss of securities by the creditor results in the discharge of the surety vide Section 141. If however the pledged securities are lost without any fault of the Reed vs DeanFacts A employ a motor from B for a holiday on river Thames. The motor caught fire and A was unable to extinguish it as the fire fighting equipment was out of order. As such he was injured and suffered loss.Held B was liable as it was a case of non gratuitous bailment.Misa vs CurrieFacts A customer had two separate accounts with a bank and he owes to the bank on of the accounts. The bank can liquidate / realize the debt due to it by transferring money there from. The same provision is every bit applicable to India. UPTON-ON-SEVERN RURAL DISTRICT v. POWELL (1942) briefed 9/10/94, pg. 171. Prepared by Roger Martin (http//people.qualcomm.com/rmartin/)Facts s barn was on fire and he called the local Upton police chief and asked him to send the fire brigade. The Upton fire brigade showed up and bega n to put out the fire. While the fire was still burning, a neighboring fire chief came by and informed all that the farm was really in his district, and so the Upton fire brigade was not under obligation to put it out for free. When the refused to pay for the service, they sued.Nature of the Risk You may contract by implied promise when you ask for assistance in protecting your property.Issue Was there a contract between the fire brigade and the farmer by implied promise of the farmer to pay if payment was required?Holding Yes. Parties create a contract by implied promise when one renders service that requires payment, even though the other may not be aware that the service requires payment.Reasoning The court reasoned that the fact that incomplete intended to enter into a contract was irrelevant. The contract was created because the service was performed and therefore there was an implied promise to pay.Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd 1953 EWCA Civ 6 is a famous English contract law decision on the nature of anoffer. The Court held that the display of a product in a storewith a price attached is not sufficient to be considered an offer, but rather is an invitation to treat.

Basic Concepts in Organization Essay

When one delves into the principles of compensation in Rational Psychology2 or what is commonly known as the Philosophy of Man, one gets to understand the very basis of why man tends to associate, or ground level groups with his fellowman. There are talents or expertise that is possessed by other men which is lacking in a person. Thus, a man by force of necessity identifies himself with another man who has talents which he does not possess. In other words, a persons act of associating with another man is to compensate for what he lacks himself, thus assuring his survival.Plato said in Absolute Materialism3 that wholly persons before they assume physical existence in this world are free-floating pure ideas. He calls this the noumena. By a freakish form of accident the noumena was befuddled into two and both fell down from the ideal world into earth and are born. Thus, from the time a person is born up to his death, he continually searches for his other half and in the process asso ciating and joining himself with other men in the hope of finding that broken half, and when he finds it, he becomes whole again.The Filipino Constitution of 1987 has recognized this basic need of man to join in a group when it states that The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. 4 According to Isagani Cruz (1995, p. 225) that the right of the people to associate is especially meaningful because man is by constitution gregarious.The expression of opinions and views may be more effectively spread and disseminated if articulated through an organization to which the person belongs than if he were to ventilate them as a unpolluted individual. This buttressed the view that only through membership in an organization, group or association can a person finds fulfillment and wholeness as a human being. With this, it can be said that an organization, together with Mison and Bernabe (2004, p. 79), is a mechanism or structure that enables living things to work effectively together.

Historically Australian Indigenous Art Is Often Politically or Spiritually Motivated Essay

Historically Australian art is often politically or spiritually motivated. This statement is prove by a number of native Australian artists including, Nellie Nakamarra Marks, who uses traditional techniques and motives to relay her spirituality, and Tony Albert, who recontextualises mainstream items, to develop a post advance(a) collection, challenging the idea of stereotypical holdations in mainstream culture. all told spiritual beliefs in Aboriginal culture relate back to the idea of creation and dreaming.The dreaming is the ongoing ethnical and spiritual progression that in plaster bandages identicalness and knowledge, which is denotative through traditional indigenous art. This reflects a spiritual connection to the land, which is represented by signs and symbols as well as other various techniques, which are unparalleled to traditional indigenous art. Signs and symbols can represent a particular location, object or landmark, or a particular story or totem that would be ad hoc to a particular tribe, corroboree or dreamtime story.In traditional indigenous artworks, there is no perspective or fixed vanishing points for landscape artworks because indigenous Australians do not see their environment as a landscape, but their particular world and universe. They pass water a concept of place by using signs and symbols to create a map-like artwork, which represents their particular world and universe. Essentially, traditional indigenous Australian artists are painting their spirituality, by expressing their connection to the land through signs, symbols and their world.Nellie Nakamarra Marks is a traditional indigenous artist, from the east of Kintore in the Northern Territory. In her work Kalipinypa, there is no set pattern and everything is connected which suggests her spiritualty and connection with the land. Her use of the traditional form of dot painting for her particular area of the Central Desert Region symbolises her world as she sees it, and how she heard about it through stories.In the middle of the safe hand side there is lack of colour, which could symbolise a particular place that has particular spiritual significance. The dark shapes also look like leaves, which could represent the end of season and the coming of autumn, which is supported by the deep, vibrant colours in the painting. The colours also represent her region and place in Australia. The many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) diverse varieties of the same shapes could symbolise diversity within their own tribe, as well as the different shapes and movements of the land.The purpose of this artwork is to educate and pass on a particular story to younger generations. Postmodern art challenges mainstream ideas, which usually creates a political or social statement about modern society. present-day(a) indigenous art in particular would be classified as postmodern because the artists are communicating their feelings and thoughts about certain aspects of socie ty in modern Australia, which in turn, challenges some pre conceived notions about indigenous Australians in todays society.These particular works by Tony Albert are postmodern, because he recontextualises items from recent history, that were used to create an unrealistic connection between White Australia and indigenous Australia in the 50s and 60s, to challenge history, both politically and socially. Tony Alberts collection recycles kitsch discolor velvet-textured paintings produced in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s. These velvet paintings were very popular in the last fifty years as home decorations, and like many objects from this period, they were characterized by their depictions of Aboriginal people as simple folk.These ornaments enabled white Australians of the time to have a distant and unrealistic connection to indigenous people. Albert recontextualises these paintings by introducing stenciled slogans to the paintings to create a complex and identifiable character. He uses the languages of politics and pop culture to reconnect the artworks with modern Australia and therefore reality. These slogans reclaim the faces of the aboriginals, transferring them from helpless and cute, to bold and complex, which asserts a modern identity and sense of self.This makes the characters more personal, which then creates a connection between the viewer and the subject that is mimicked throughout the collection. The slogans are derived from pop songs, nursery rhymes, advertising, political speeches and life stories, which has launched these velvet paintings into a new identity, which enables the viewer to connect with the characters beyond a stereotyped context.The generic and common velvet paintings have become empowered and personalized, asserting a new sense of self, which makes this collection truly compelling. This collection by Tony Albert, addresses the issue of stereotypical representations of indigenous Australians in mainstream culture. He challenges thi s present and historic issue of cultural alienation and displacement experienced by Indigenous Australians by appropriating slogans and recontextualising them to create a sense of lost identity and estrangement.Through the use of many different mediums, Aboriginal artists are motivated by their spirituality or political standpoint to produce art. This is shown by Nellie Nakamarra Marks, who is motivated by her connection to the land and her spirituality, and Tony Albert, who was act to communicate the stereotypical views of indigenous Australians in mainstream culture. Kalipinypa NELLIE NAKAMARRA MARKS Acrylic on linen, 90? 90cm Kalipinypa NELLIE NAKAMARRA MARKS Acrylic on linen, 90? 90cm.

The Problem And Proposed Solutions

The Digital Divide debate encompasses consequences that ar of social, stinting and political import. Meaning to say, the wall plugs regarding the digital divide, as a phenomenon and as a current concern that needs to be addressed, is non except limited to the issue of the existing disparity in basis of entrance to engineering science which transverses different sectors of society. This paper attempts to explicate the digital divide, the debate and the foundational issues concerning the phenomenon/problem.In line with the main task of this paper is the identification of the two most primal obstacles that need to be overcome and the two important things that the government needs to create in dealing with the digital divide. In meeting the demands of a globose economy, technological advancements peculiarly in the field of telecommunications and information engineering ar key factors in making possible various transactions loyaler, cheaper, more good and convenient. Needles s to say, these technological advances are important tools if companies and another(prenominal) business ventures are to survive in the digital economy.These technological advancements however, are evolving far too fast which consequently generate pressing problems that ought to be considered. On a preliminary note, the aforementioned rapid technological evolution poses serious headlands if our societal structures can apace adapt to these changes and more importantly, if we, ourselves can rapidly adapt and be able to integrate for ourselves these changes. A good example is the Internet and the online community and it is to this topic that we shall straightway turn.A fuller understanding of the digital divide phenomenon necessitates an understanding of its underpinnings. As Pippa Norris contends, the digital divide is understood as a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing three hard-hitting aspects (Norris). These three distinct aspects according to Norris are the global divid e, social divide and democratic divide, respectively. Norris elucidates further, The global divide refers to divergence of Internet access amongst change and developing societies.The social divide concerns the gap between the information rich and poor in for each one nation. And lastly, within the online community, the democratic divide signifies the difference between those who do, and do not, use the panoply of digital resources to engage, mobilize and inscribe in public life (Norris). One may thus infer that these three aspects related to the issue of access to the Internet involve not mere social, but also economic and political considerations.In an article entitled, What is the Digital Divide, Harouna Ba makes a similar raze as Norris. Ba writes, lack of access to networked technology will result in a substantial segment of society having neither the skills nor the means to insert in the progressively more knowledge-based U. S. economy (Ba). As Ba contends, there is a fel t need to address the issue of access along with the social, economic and political considerations that it entails. At this point, the emphasis is on what Norris calls disadvantaged communities.As mentioned earlier, these communities lack not merely access but also and more importantly, the necessary skills and the means to participate in the digital world. Ba identifies a number of obstacles in dealing with the digital divide phenomenon/problem. But, as I reckon it, in relation to the issue of access, the two most important obstacles in dealing with the digital divide are the issues of the disadvantaged communities not having the skills that are necessary and their lack of the means that are necessary.These two are barriers to technological access. One may thus infer that the issue of access only becomes a legitimate issue because of these two obstacles. Again, it is not merely a matter of providing the communities with a greater access to computers and the Internet by lowering the cost of the hardware and software that hardware and software companies reconcile and sell in the market nor is it merely a matter of increasing the ratio of computers to students in our schools and other institutions of learning.This will not solve the digital divide. The root word to the problem lies on our capability to the address the needs of the disadvantaged communities. There is a need for intervention, so to speak. The government has a significant role in addressing these needs. However, the governments intervention will not suffice. There is a need for a multi-sectoral cooperation in addressing the needs of disadvantaged communities. A crucial question comes into the scenario. What needs to be through with(p)?As Ba sees it, what is needed is to develop community-based technology programs that will support the needs of disadvantaged communities. Ba writes, Community technology access models are often grounded on community needs and encompass multiple goals to strengthen neighborhoods, educate youth, promote economic development, connect individuals to the social and economic life of the community, and increase participation in civil society (Ba). It is of utmost importance that we first assess the needs of the community so that we may grant the appropriate solutions.Furthermore, it is important that technology programs be based on the needs of disadvantaged communities so that these communities themselves may have the opportunity to identify and thereby, integrate what the full of life functions of technology are to them and the opportunities that it can provide for them. Such an integration entails that a disadvantaged community sees the relevance of technology in their lives. It may thus be inferred that for Ba, the digital divide may be addressed by people empowerment.Our concerted efforts must be directed to empowering the disadvantaged sectors of society. How can this be done? People empowerment is made possible through community education. As Ba contends, there is a lot of work to be done especially in the areas of learning and teaching with and/or about advanced technologies in informal settings for under-served communities (Ba). This is one of the main reason why government initiatives and interventions in the old only had a limited success in dealing with the digital divide phenomenon.There indeed are initiatives and interventions but they do not address the problem. They get away the point, so to speak. As Ba notes, state governments attempt to address the digital divide via two government agencies the Public Utility Commission (PUC) and the Department of Education. The PUC by appealing to telecommunication companies and the likes for universal service and the Department of Education by making provisions for computers in school for those students that do not have access to a computer and the Internet at home.These attempts miss the point because they have been made on the unfounded assumption that the digital d ivide issue is merely an issue of access and thus, can be solved by making computers and the Internet more accessible to individuals. But what can these initiatives and interventions accomplish if in the first place, the problem is that individuals from disadvantaged sectors of society lack the necessary skills and the means to be able to access and thereby, utilize technology? The plain truth of the matter is that technology evolves much faster than society can adapt to it.Furthermore, why limit the provisions with the students? Why not youth in general? Why withdraw out-of-school youth? This merely shows that the limited success of state initiatives and interventions may be explained by the fact that their assumption is unfounded and that their digital divide programs are not grounded on community needs and thus, ineffective. The digital divide phenomenon/problem is not merely a problem of access. The preceding discussion makes it clear that it is not a mere matter of identifying the have from the have not.Even this distinction is grounded on further distinctions in wrong of the social, economic and the political. These further distinctions albeit different from each other, are very closely interrelated that they all affect changes in the others. Human society is complex. It is not simply a social system. It is also a political system and every political system is also an economic system. The human mind too is complex. There are countless possibilities in terms of scientific and technological advancements. Science and technology evolves too fast.In contrast to science and technology, our societal structures and institutions do not. They do not because there are many other significant things to consider. Perhaps, this is the predicament of our time. Works Cited Ba, Harouna. What Is Digital Divide. August 20 2007. . Norris, Pippa. Digital Divide Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide (Communication, Society and Politics). Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Spss Regression

Simple flexurear Regression in SPSS 1. STAT 314 Ten Corvettes amid 1 and 6 years old were randomly selected from last years gross revenue records in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The pursuance entropy were obtained, where x denotes age, in years, and y denotes gross revenue worth, in hundreds of dollars. x y a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. 6 125 6 115 6 130 4 160 2 219 5 cl 4 190 5 163 1 260 2 260 graph the data in a turn backplot to determine if there is a possible bank notear relationship. encrypt and interpret the linear correlation coefficient, r. turn back the regression equation for the data.Graph the regression equation and the data points. Identify outliers and potential powerful observations. Compute and interpret the coefficient of determination, r2. give the residuals and raise a residual plot. Decide whether it is reasonable to consider that the assumptions for regression psychoanalysis be met by the shiftings in questions. At the 5% significance level , do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the slope of the population regression line is not 0 and, hence, that age is useful as a predictor of sales damage for Corvettes? Obtain and interpret a 95% confidence musical interval for the slope, ? of the population regression line that relates age to sales worth for Corvettes. Obtain a point estimate for the mean sales price of all 4-year-old Corvettes. Determine a 95% confidence interval for the mean sales price of all 4-year-old Corvettes. Find the predicted sales price of Jack Smiths 4-year-old Corvette. Determine a 95% prediction interval for the sales price of Jack Smiths 4-year-old Corvette. Note that the following steps ar not required for all analysesonly perform the necessary steps to make do your problem. Use the above steps as a guide to the correct SPSS steps. 1.Enter the age value into one uncertain and the corresponding sales price values into another variable (see figure, below). 2. Select Graphs ? L egacy Dialogs ? spread out/Dot (select Simple then click the Define button) with the Y axis of rotation variable (Price) and the X Axis variable (Age) entered (see figures, below). firedog Titles to enter a descriptive rubric for your graph, and click Continue. Click OK. Your output should look similar to the figure below. a. Graph the data in a scatterplot to determine if there is a possible linear relationship. The points seem to follow a somewhat linear pattern with a prejudicial slope. . Select Analyze ? Correlate ? Bivariate (see figure, below). 4. Select Age and Price as the variables, select Pearson as the correlation coefficient, and click OK (see the left wing figure, below). b. Compute and interpret the linear correlation coefficient, r. The correlation coefficient is 0. 9679 (see the right figure, above). This value of r suggests a strong negative linear correlation since the value is negative and close to 1. Since the above value of r suggests a strong negative lin ear correlation, the data points should be clustered closely about a negatively sloping regression line.This is consistent with the graph obtained above. Therefore, since we see a strong negative linear relationship between Age and Price, linear regression analysis can continue. 5. Since we eventually want to predict the price of 4-year-old Corvettes (parts jm), enter the number 4 in the Age variable column of the data window after the last row. Enter a . for the corresponding Price variable value (this lets SPSS know that we want a prediction for this value and not to admit the value in any other computations) (see left figure, below). . Select Analyze ? Regression ? Linear (see right figure, above). 7. Select Price as the dependent variable and Age as the independent variable (see upperleft figure, below). Click Statistics, select Estimates and Confidence Intervals for the regression coefficients, select Model fit to obtain r2, and click Continue (see upper-right figure, below) . Click Plots, select Normal Probability Plot of the residuals, and click Continue (see lower-left figure, below).Click Save, select Unstandardized predicted values, select Unstandardized and Studentized residuals, select Mean (to obtain a confidence intervaloutput in the Data Window) and Individual (to obtain a prediction intervaloutput in the Data Window) at the 95% level (or some(prenominal) level the problem requires), and click Continue (see lower-right figure, below). Click OK. The output from this procedure is extensive and will be shown in parts in the following answers. c. Determine the regression equation for the data. From above, the regression equation is Price = 29160. 1942 (2790. 2913)(Age). 8.From within the output window, double-click on the scatterplot to enter Chart Editor mode. From the Elements menu, select Fit Line at Total. Click the close box. Now your scatterplot displays the linear regression line computed above. Graph the regression equation and the data points. d. e. Identify outliers and potential influential observations. There do not appear to be any points that lie far from the cluster of data points or far from the regression line therefore there atomic number 18 no possible outliers or influential observations. f. Compute and interpret the coefficient of determination, r2. The coefficient of determination is 0. 368 therefore, about 93. 68% of the variation in the price data is explained by age. The regression equation appears to be very useful for making predictions since the value of r 2 is close to 1. 9. The residuals and standardized values (as well as the predicted values, the confidence interval endpoints, and the prediction interval endpoints) can be found in the data window. 10. To create a residual plot, select Graphs ? Legacy Dialogs ? Scatter/Dot (Simple) with the residuals (RES_1) as the Y Axis variable and Age as the X Axis variable. Click Titles to enter Residual Plot as the title for your graph, and click Cont inue.Click OK. Double-click the resulting graph in the output window, select Options ? Y Axis Reference Line, select the Reference Line tab key in the properties window, add position of line 0, and click Apply. Click the close box to exit the chart editor (see left plot, below). 11. To create a studentized residual plot (what the textbook calls a standardized residual plot), select Graphs ? Legacy Dialogs ? Scatter/Dot (Simple) with the studentized residuals (SRES_1) as the Y Axis variable and Age as the X Axis variable. Click Titles to enter Studentized Residual Plot as the title for your graph, and click Continue.Click OK. Double-click the resulting graph in the output window, select Options ? Y Axis Reference Line, select the Reference Line tab in the properties window, add position of line 0, and click Apply. If 2 and/or -2 are in the commit covered by the y-axis, repeat the last steps to add a elongation line at 2 and -2 (see right plot, above) any points that are not betwee n these lines are considered potential outliers. If 3 and/or -3 are in the range covered by the y-axis, repeat the last steps to add a reference line at 3 and -3 any points that are beyond these lines are considered outliers. 2. To assess the normality of the residuals, consult the P-P Plot from the regression output. g. Obtain the residuals and create a residual plot. Decide whether it is reasonable to consider that the assumptions for regression analysis are met by the variables in questions. The residual plot shows a random scatter of the points (independence) with a constant spread (constant variance). The studentized residual plot shows a random scatter of the points (independence) with a constant spread (constant variance) with no values beyond the 2 standard deviation reference lines (no outliers).The normal probability plot of the residuals shows the points close to a diagonal line therefore, the residuals appear to be approximately normally distributed. Thus, the assumption s for regression analysis appear to be met. h. At the 10% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the slope of the population regression line is not 0 and, hence, that age is useful as a predictor of sales price for Corvettes? Step 1 Hypotheses H 0 = 0 (Age is not a useful predictor of price. ) H a 0 (Age is a useful predictor of price. ) Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Significance Level 0. 05 Critical Value(s) and Rejection Region(s) Reject the null hypothesis if p-value ? 0. 05. running play Statistic (choose either the T-test method or the F-test methodnot both) T = 10. 8873, and p-value = 0. 00000448 Step 5 Step 6 F = 118. 5330, and p-value = 0. 00000448 Conclusion Since p-value = 0. 00000448 ? 0. 05, we shall reject the null hypothesis. aver conclusion in words At the = 0. 05 level of significance, there exists enough evidence to conclude that the slope of the population regression line is not secret code and, hence, that age is useful as a predictor of price for Corvettes. . Obtain and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the slope, ? , of the population regression line that relates age to sales price for Corvettes. We are 95% positive(p) that the slope of the true regression line is somewhere between 3381. 2946 and 2199. 2880. In other words, we are 95% confident that for every year older Corvettes get, their average price decreases somewhere between $3,381. 2946 and $2,199. 2880. j. Obtain a point estimate for the mean sales price of all 4-year-old Corvettes. The point estimate (PRE_1) is 17999. 0291 dollars ($17,999. 0291). k.Determine a 95% confidence interval for the mean sales price of all 4-year-old Corvettes. We are 95% confident that the mean sales price of all four-year-old Corvettes is somewhere between $16,958. 4604 (LMCI_1) and $19,039. 5978 (UMCI_1). l. Find the predicted sales price of Jack Smiths selected 4-year-old Corvette. The predicted sales price is 17999. 0291 dollars ($17,999. 0291). m. Dete rmine a 95% prediction interval for the sales price of Jack Smiths 4-year-old Corvette. We are 95% certain that the individual sales price of Jack Smith? s Corvette will be somewhere between $14,552. 9173 (LICI_1) and $21,445. 1410 (UICI_1).

In what ways did World War II end the problems of World War I Essay

In the days prior to World fight Two, the First World War was referred to as the War to complete all Wars. (Devine, 14) Despite this name, solo twenty-odd years had passed before the nations of the world once again engaged in armed conflict. The treaty of Versailles and the conditions in Europe precipitated a second large-scale conflict in Europe. (Devine, 16) The conclusion of WWII ended the problems that derived from WWI by ending the Fascist dictatorships of Europe, ending European and Asian imperialism, and shifting military cause out of Europe.The Treaty of Versailles created tremendous pressure on Ger many a(prenominal), Austria-Hungary, and other nations who bore the blame for the conflict. (Morgan, 18) The economic depression in these nations that resulted from their attempts to pay reparations direct to a governmental climate ripe for the rise of Fascism. (Morgan, 27) The people of nations such as Italy, Germany and Spain were willing to embrace this hyper-nationalist form of government, giving up their freedoms in exchange for the promise of bettor economic conditions and a topic of their respective nations to international prominence. Morgan, 30) The rise of hyper-nationalism in Fascist Germany and Italy was one of the precipitating causes of the Second World War in Europe. Hitlers Germany began to militarize and reclaim areas of Europe that Hitler declared to be startle of the rightful German empire. (Morgan, 108) These regions included all of Austria, and part of the nation of Czechoslovakia, referred to by Hitler as the Sudetenland (southland). When Germany invaded Poland to return the land to Germany, France and Britain declared fight.The results of WWII ended the reign of fascism in Europe. ( Morgan, 117) The personalities around whom the fascist governments were built, Hitler in Germany, and Mussolini in Italy, were killed in the war effort, and their philosophies discredited when the atrocities they committed became public knowledge. (Morgan, 197) Of the Fascists of Europe, only Francisco Franco of Spain, which had remained neutral in the war, survived. (Morgan, 201) After WWII, Germany was divided into a Soviet-controlled Eastern half, and a Republican western half.Nationalist efforts were turned to reunification, rather than conquest. (Morgan, 203) The destruction of the German War machine was absolute, eliminating them as a future threat to perceptual constancy in Europe. (Morgan, 205) Italy and Japan were as well as disarmed at the conclusion of WWII, making future threats to world stability from these powers unlikely in the extreme. (Morgan, 206) The end of WWII also marked the end of the naked Imperialism that characterized all the major European nations since WWI. Betts, 113) Britain, France, Germany, Japan and other nations granted independence, or protectorate status to their imperial holdings, making self-sovereignty the new goal of international foreign policy. (Betts, 127) Japan was forced to give up the Pacific Islands they had occupied, and withdraw their invasion of China. (Betts, 128) Germany similarly ceded their occupied territories and permitted free choice for the subsequent governments. Betts, 133) One of the world powers that emerged from WWII, the United States, embraced self-determination as the ideal for nations of the world, and began to fight against efforts to engage in imperialist activities on the parts of other nations. (Betts, 144) The conclusion of WWII marked a shift in the dynamic of world conflict. (Levering, 18) During WWI and WWII, dominance on the seas determined a large part of military control. After WWII, nations who had access to weapons of mass destruction became the powers of the World. Levering, 22) For the first time in modern history, the central conflict of the world was not between Britain and Germany or France, but between the United States and the Soviet Union. European powers became pawns in a worldwide power struggle between opposing ideologies. (Levering, 27) The United States used war reconstruction money as a lure to the nations of Europe to shun Communism in favor of republican government. (Levering, 34) After WWII, armed conflict was exceptional to third-party wars where one side or the other effectively acted as a proxy for one of the Superpowers. Levering, 46) This was managed to avoid direct conflict between the Superpowers, which could have led to destruction of the entire world through nuclear annihilation. (Levering, 55) As a result, dozens of minor conflicts and a handful of major wars were fought after WWII by natural people with military and economic support from the USSR and the United States. (Levering, 58) This scenario played out in countries such as China, Korea, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Cuba, Afghanistan, and many others. (Levering, 75)It is clear that the effects of WWII resolved many of the issues that resulted from WWI. WWII ended European Fascism, eliminated European and Asian imperialism, and permanently shifted the balance of World Power away from Europe. The Treaty of Versailles produced conditions in Europe that made Fascism an attractive and usual option, which played a great role in precipitating WWII. As a result of the unresolved issues of WWI, WWII became the latest war to end all wars. It is hoped by the nations of the world that conflict on the scale of WWII never be repeated in the history of mankind.

Political and Economic System

World Geography and Culture Spain Analysis of the Political and Economic systems Table of Contents I. foundation (abstract) II. Political system a. Type of Political System b. Structure of the Government c. Identify a true law/policy law d. Impact on society III. Economic System a. Type of stinting system b. Identify a current economical issue c. Government role in forebode the issue d. Impact on society IV. Comp ar Contract a. Economic issue country of declivity V. termination Abstract In this essay, I had to assume the role of a politician and an economist.The country of Spain has around distinguishable political issues that bay window impact the society based on the structure of the government. The economic issues can impact the society based on how the government decides to deal with it. I analogously had to compare and pedigree the current economic and political issue in my country of origin which is Puerto anti-racketeering law to Spains economic and political i ssue. Introduction Spain also known as the kingdom of Spain is a beautiful country with a very appealing geography, history, culture, economy, missionary effort, and state capitol.Spains political system is parliamentary monarchy. Spain has many different political and economic issues that can impact the society. Most of these issues can be deal by the government. sometimes other countries can be compare and contract its political and economic issues to other countries. Political System Spains government is parliamentary monarchy. The most(prenominal) important task of the constitution was to devolve power to the regions, which were given(p) their own governments, regional assemblies and supreme legal authorities.The central government retains exclusive responsibility for foreign affairs, extraneous trade, defense, justice, law (criminal, commercial and labour), merchant shipping and civil aviation. Spain has been a member of the United Nations (UN) since 1955, the North Atlantic Treaty physical com smudge (NATO) since 1982 and the European Union (EU) since 1986, and is also a permanent observer member of the Organization of American States (OAS). Spain has three branches of government which includes the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.The Senate has 259 members, directly elected by a first-past-the-post system. Each province provides four members plus additional members in the Balearic and Canary islands, where extra members pretend the various islands, making a total of 208 members. The 17 autonomous regions also elect one senator distributively and an additional member for every million inhabitants, totaling a further 51 members. The Senate has the power to amend or veto legislation initiated by Congress.Under Spanish law, the official result of a general election is make public five days after the vote, in order to allow sufficient time for recounts and challenge results. After the members buzz off been sworn in, the King of Spain meets with the party leaders and asks one of them to form a government, which must then be ratified by parliament. The leader of the party of government becomes the president of Spain and has his official conformity in the Moncloa Palace in Madrid. The role of citizens in Spain is that they have to be born of a Spanish mother or father.A person born in Spain of foreign parents if neither of them has Spanish nationality or if neither of the parents legislations confer a nationality to their children. Spain has many political issues. unmatched political issue is during the last few age has been corruption among public officials, including illegal financing of political parties, tax avoidance, fraud, bribery, trying to keep a shopping center or someone in the residential institution, nepotism, misappropriation of public funds, illegal patronage, influence-peddling and kickbacks.Spain has been described (in the Spanish press) as the most corrupt society among the orig inal 15 members of the EU and corruption permeates political and public manner at every level. This problem is affecting the Marbella council on a massive scale, involving tens of millions of euros pocketed by council officials. Economic System Spains economy is a well-based way to equally spread money to all of the people. more or less of Spains natural resources include coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin hydroelectric power.Spains currency is the European Union euro. Spains imports include machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semi-finished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments. In 2011, the amount of money that Spain received for imports was $364. 9 billion. Some of Spains exports include machinery, motor vehicles foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods. In 2011, the amount of money that Spain received for exports was $309. 6 billion. The so dding(a) domestic per capita is thirty three thousand six hundred euros a year.In labor force 2. 4 percent goes to agriculture, 24 percent to industry, and 71. 1 percent to services. Spain came out in the number one position because it is a sunny country, because its citizens enjoy shorter working hours and more days holiday, because energy and lifestyle costs are lower, because the government invests into education and healthcare, because the average age at which people die is higher than in most of Europe and because overall, living in Spain ensures you have a better quality of life. Spain has many economic issues.One economic issue is that the Spanish banks high exposure to the collapsed domestic construction and real estate market also poses a continued risk for the sector. The government oversaw a restructuring of the savings bank sector in 2010, and provided some $15 billion in capital to various institutions. Investors remain concerned that Madrid may motif to bail out more troubled banks. The Bank of Spain, however, is seeking to boost confidence in the monetary sector by pressuring banks to come clean about their losses and consolidate into stronger groups.Puerto Rico doesnt have political and economic issues similar to Spain. One reason Puerto Rico political issue is non similar to Spain because Puerto Ricans do not have representation in the U. S. Senate and no voting representation in Congress. Instead, the 4 million U. S. Citizens of Puerto Rico only have one Resident Commissioner who cannot even vote on the place floor. Therefore, Puerto Ricans have no say in the making of the laws and statutes that apply to them. Even though the U. S. Supreme court of justice has absolute jurisdiction over Puerto Rico, Puerto Ricans do not have representation in the U.S. Senate to cast an up or down vote on Supreme Court nominees. In the end, Puerto Rico is governed by a Congress in which they are not allowed to participate in, an Executive whom they did no t elect, and a Judiciary whose justices they did not confirm. The 4 million U. S. Citizens of Puerto Rico are not allowed to fully participate in the democratic process of their nation. One reason Puerto Rico economic issue is not similar to Spain because recently in Puerto Rico the economy has suffered budget cuts from U.S. The Puerto Rican economy has depended heavily on the tax incentives given to U. S. mainland companies and on federal transfers. Conclusion There were many different things that I learned about Spains Political and Economic Systems. One thing that I found interesting was that Spain has the ninth largest economy in the world. Another thing that I found interesting was that Spain was originally a constitutional monarchy but over time became a parliamentary monarchy.

Pollution in Vellore

CASE STUDY ON POLLUTION IN VELLORE SOURCES AND MEASURES TO CHECK IT. SOURCES AND METHODS TO write out POLLUTION IN VELLORE Shraddha Sahu and Akshay Ahuja B. tech- Electronics and communication Engg. , SENSE, VIT UNIVERSITY, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014 Email id- shraddha. emailprotected ac. in ABSTRACT Vellore, also hunch overn as fort metropolis and a historical des contributeation in southernmost India , is one of the fastest outgrowth cities. This city is a hub for leather industries, chemic industries as well as automobile and mechanical industries.It ranks 8 in the most grime cities on the survey conducted by The Central Pollution Control get along (CPCB) in conjunction with IIT-Delhi. The observation of contaminant in this city was conducted with an aim to study the sources of pollution in the city and measures to control it. The observation of pollution was done by roaming around in the city among chittoor bus allow to new bus prevail. The rapid industrial growth is r esponsible for the pollution. KEYWORDS Historical destination, conjuction, pollution. cornerstone Since the industrial revolution the world has witnessed the rapid expansion of its cities.For years humans have been flocking to these urban centres in search of jobs, commodities, entertainment and other phenomenathat bathroom ordinaryly be found in cities. 1 Pollution of milieu or environmental pollution means making the environment foul. Our environment means the surrounding of our provide where we live, the surrounding of our village where we live or the surrounding of our town or city where we live. If our surrounding gets polluted we suffer from many kinds of disease and sickness. If our surrounding gets highly polluted, our life gets endangered. 2 Modern evelopment processes, especially industrialization, have take in for a great deal of criticism for their utter disregard for the environment. Trash and scraps is a common sight in urban and rural aras of India. It is a m ajor source of pollution. 3 Street corners are piled with trash. Public places and sidewalks are despoiled with filth and litter, rivers and canals act as garbage dumps. 4 Air pollutionis a serious issue with the major sources being fuelwood and biomass burning, fuel debasement, fomite emission and traffic congestion. 5 In urban areas, vehicle emissions are another source of air pollution.Vehicle emissions are worsened by fuel adulteration and poor fuel combustion effi ciencies from traffic congestion and low density of quality, high speed highway networkper 1000 people.. 6 Rapid urbanization during the recent decades has given rise to a number of environmental problems such as peeing system system supply, louse up pissing generation and its collection, treatment and disposal. Vellore city which came up on the intrust of palar river have not given a proper thought to the problems of lavishnesswater, sewerage etc. In urban areas, the muck upwater is let out untreated and cause s large scale water pollution. 7 METHODOLOGYTo mention out the source of the pollution and think over the measures to control it the region between chittoor bus stand and new bus stand of vellore city was selected as the local anaesthetice for this study. The observation of the pollution was carried out by roaming around the streets. Photographs were taken out and normal discussion of source of pollution was done with local people. The local people were asked about the difficulties they face due to the pollution and how can we overcome this from their point of view. Use of profits and e-books were taken to study more about this problem and to check it. RESULTFrom the above study we came to know that the pollution in vellore city is no more different from other cities. The common sites seen were roadside garbage chuck out, unhygienic area around water sources, air pollution due to emission of gases by vehicles, assemblage of substantive waste and poor sanitation. This problem is common to almost every city in India. The common traditional known sources of air pollution are power plants, industries, road dust, construction work, garbage burning, vehicle exhaust and domestic fuels. The sources of land pollution are garbage dumping and improper disposal of solid waste.The sources of water pollution are sewage discharge from industries, poor sanitation, disposal of waste in water sources and religious sources. DISCUSSIONS AND FINDINGS The important landmarks that come between old chittoor bus stand of vellore to new bus stand of vellore are Pillayar koil, thiru nagar, silk mill, gandhinagar, doordarshan, virthumpet and new bridge road over the palar river. Problems related to city Use of tetrapacks, plastic plates, cups and bags, tin cans and similar throw-away items has increased in the last decade.Lack of proper waste collection, segregation and management systems and poor sound conditions are aggravating health problems. The reason for the contamination of the ground water in Vellore is because the tanneries are dumping their effluents into citys lifelinethe Palar River. All the tanneries here from Vaniampadi to Ranipet dump their effluents into the river. 8 Problem related to palar river whap The Palar River bed is dry most of the year because it is a seasonal river. It stirs to life every year during the monsoon. When the river is devoid of water the riverbed is quarried for its 15 feet of sand.Palar is the primary source of drinking water for the residents of Vellore. But those who live in this city made famous by the super speciality hospital, Christian Medical College, say that the clear water of Palar has turned into blood red. A local environment group, Pasumai Thayagam, affirms that the red toxic water has destroyed sources of drinkable drinking water in various localities of Vellore like Ambur, Vaniampadi and Ranipet. Measures taken by government to check pollution in vellore Exnora honey oil Cross, supported by UNICEF, initiated a pilot project on solid waste management in a ward of Vellore municipality in 2000.ZWM Zero Waste Management is a system of managing solid wastes that strives for upper limit waste recovery through recycling and reuse, aiming at zero waste generation. It minimizes pollution of ground water and air by doing away with disposal of wastes at dumpsites and land? lls. Zero waste management integrates the sexual recycling sector (ragpickers and waste collectors) into the solid waste management system providing opportunities for income generation. Possible measures that can be taken 1. Conversion of waste paper into pepwood Conversion of waste paper into pulp articles is an old art.We can reduce garbage by recycling the waste paper in a decentralized manner. It exit help in prevention of burning of waste paper & ? lthy sights. Women/SHG members/unemployed youths/after receiving thorough didactics can undertake this activity. 2. Liquid Waste Management through Root Zone pre aching chthonian the liquid waste management practices at community level, the waste water from toilets is being treated course through Root Zone Treatment Method (Natural plant based system). The treated water (5500 liter per day for 50 persons occupancy) is recycled for toilet flushing and landscaping purposes. . Eco Friendly plastic fuel Conversion of waste plastic into liquid hydrocarbons/ energy Prof. Mrs. Alka Umesh Zadgaonkar, Head of Department of Applied Chemistry at the Nagpur based G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, invented an Environment pally catalyticadditive process for disposal of waste plastic. The invented process involves degradation of waste plastic using catalytic-additive and is different from the loosely existing pyrolytic processes. The products obtained in the process are Liquid hydrocarbons, Gas and residual Coke.It is a major breakthrough in the arena of non-conventional sources of energy 4. Black water management from community toilet EXNORA world wide Chennai, through its unit in Tiruchi District, has taken up construction of Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS), which is ideally suited for small colonies, apartments, slum areas etc. Salient features Decentralized treatment of cruddy water. Reuse of treated water for raising trees, vegetables. Use of biogas for cooking and lighting. No Electricity or chemical is used for treatment. Very easy for operation and maintenance since it does not have hazardous or confused machinery. CONCLUSION Urbanisation brings prosperity but at the same time creates environmental problems like pollution, accumulation of solid waste and poor sanitation. . In this context, solid waste management is an area of challenge and of transformation for urban planners and city corporations. A zero waste management (ZWM) project by NGO Exnora Green Cross, initially piloted with UNICEF, in Tamil Nadus Vellore district is an example of a successful solid waste management programme and it s bene? s. REFERENCES 1. The little green info book. The world bank. 2010. 2. Environment assessment, Country data India , The world bank. 2011. 3. Radhakanta Swain, Essay. 4. Drowning in a sea of garbage, New York times. April 2010. 5. Atmanand et al. (2009). Energy and Sustainable Development-An Indian eyeshot. World Academy of Science. 6. Urban air pollution, catching gasoline and diesel adulteration. World bank 2002. 7. Krishnakumar Asha, 1995. Streams of poison. 8. V. K. Shashikumar, Tehelka magazine, 16 july 2005