Similarities Between Terrorism and Organized Crime:

Likenesses among fear based oppression and composed wrongdoing: Today’s psychological warfare and sorted out wrongdoing bunches are like the point that their disparities are beginning to obscure and the shared characteristics are turning out to be more clear. Fear based oppression and sorted out wrongdoing is an ideal match, that may have various destinations, however they can achieve their objectives through each other. The underground system, strategies they share and use to achieve an undertaking on the side of each other, enlisting techniques, money related foundations, and the impacts of globalization and innovation are the fundamental similarities.In today’s world one doesn't make due without the other. Word reference. com characterizes psychological oppression as, â€Å"The utilization of brutality and dangers to scare or force, particularly for political purposes; the condition of dread and accommodation delivered by fear mongering or threatening activity; and a terroristic technique for overseeing or of opposing a legislature. † Terrorism has been around since the first Century AD. Numerous civic establishments have utilized fear based oppressors strategies on a debilitated state or a state they which to oust. One of the principal employments of present day fear mongering was Maxmilien Robespierre.After the French Revolution, Robespierre was a despot that pre-owned psychological oppression to stay in charge. He expressed that, â€Å"Subdue by dread the foes of freedom, and you will be right, as originators of the Republic. † In the late 1960s, International Terrorism took the world over with capturing. Of late most fear mongering depends on a belief system and religion. The philosophy of the various fear based oppressors gatherings may vary from religion, legislative issues, creatures, the planet, to a wide range of reasons. Anyway they use dread to achieve a goal.Many diverse law authorization associations have various mean ings of psychological warfare, however they all depict utilizing fear/dread, as a rule against non-soldiers, so as to facilitate their motivation. They are sorted out to guarantee on the off chance that one is gotten or slaughtered, the perfect can forge ahead and not be undermined. They secure the association with cells and are given just appropriate and material data to every cell. Legaldictionary. com characterizes sorted out wrongdoing as, â€Å"A far reaching gathering of expert hoodlums who depend on criminal operations as a method of live and whose exercises are facilitated and controlled through some type of entralized coop. † The customary composed wrongdoing bunches were created in Sicily by people who needed to control a network. These people were hoping to get rich through debasement and dread. Composed wrongdoing moved to the United States during migration and the restraint of sorted out wrongdoing in Southern Europe during the mid 1900s. Composed hoodlums looked for in circumstance in the United States. Numerous foreigners came to America looking for the â€Å"American Dream†, however those fantasies went to bad dreams. The most straightforward and quickest approach to get the American Dream was through the â€Å"Mafia†.The mafia looked for two things and two things in particular, cash and force. The mafia immediately developed in size; since like jail you either stayed with your sort or ended up face down in the road. The mafia gave security and upheld your family. With a debilitated state in the new United States economy, lawmakers and law authorization were effortlessly purchased out. They composed themselves with the goal that the Boss talked and everybody tuned in; anyway except if you were a CPT or high positioning individual, you once in a while ever heard it straightforwardly from the head honcho.They secured the chief, by restricted introduction and just in the event that the police wasn’t on their finance the y would never attach it to him. The families utilized basically two distinct strategies to control a network. They either utilized dread or graciousness. Numerous people group ensured sorted out wrongdoing families. They were the insurance to the network and bolstered the network with employments and cash. The familiar saying goes, â€Å"Don’t betray the one who provides everything for you. † However on the off chance that you tested them, you were normally met with a quick and horrifying punishment.Examples were made not to challenge the family. Commonly in the news it is difficult to recall which association is a terrorist’s association and which is a composed wrongdoing. Their strategies are so comparable and their belief system is getting so unconcerned. Fear monger will some of the time direct assaults, for example, seizing, bank thefts, sneaking of stash, and other criminal operations just for capital addition to promote their motivation. This is the same than sorted out wrongdoing to acquire cash for power. Commonly these exercises locate these two associations in cohorts.Underground systems have become the favored strategy for any illicit association. Sorted out hoodlums have road accreditations that a typical criminal can't increase because of its size, trust, and unwavering quality. Composed lawbreakers have gone through hundreds of years growing underground systems so as to traffic booty all through the world. â€Å"The FBI appraises that the underground economy produces $500 billion every year. An underground economy requires mystery organizations, and fear based oppressors have discovered different undertakings for stowing away money,† (Terrorism and Homeland Security, seventh version; Jonathan R. White; 2012).Underground systems are not just utilized for pirating cash, medications, or weapons, however individuals also. The sorted out wrongdoing associations can give clean papers to fear based oppressors with the end go al for them to move from city to city undetected. These underground systems are utilized so generally now that if the psychological oppressor association were to disintegrate, the fear mongers of the world would need to concentrate on their prompt region since they would have no chance to get of moving individuals, weapons, or cash. As a component of the underground system the two associations are attached to each other through numerous capital picking up ventures.In Afghanistan the medications are utilized to offer to sorted out wrongdoing for circulation. The fear based oppressors will develop, ensure, and even traffic the medications for a generous sum. The cash picked up from sorted out wrongdoing is then piped into their motivation. Reports have likewise indicated that Al-Qaeda is working with medicate masters in Mexico, which help them, sneak into the United States. Who better then Mexican medication masters to help psychological militants into the United States? One of the mo st beneficial endeavors in human carrying is the human sex slave trade.Terrorist’s associations will catch ladies from enemy clans and different places and afterward they are offered to composed wrongdoings utilizing the underground system to sell them and sneak them. Fear based oppressors and composed wrongdoing are so comparable in their strategies that on occasion it appears as though there is a school that the two associations send their enlisted people to. The primary strategy is benevolence to their locale. The idea is to ensure the network and ideally consequently you are indicated dedication. Give cash, employments, and a place of refuge to local people and when law implementation omes around nobody is eager to converse with them. At the point when this strategy doesn’t work they go to fear. On the off chance that anybody in the network stands in opposition to the association or converses with law implementation they are made a case of and more often than not t he individual is murdered in the most abhorrent way to show the others that they ought to never converse with law requirement. The two associations use bombs, consuming bodies, beheading, murdering of the entire loved ones, and torment. To be in an association, the two primary ways are to be either naturally introduced to it or recruited.Many times the relatives or fear mongers are brought up into an association. From little child they are instructed to abhor a specific sort of individual, loathe a religion or government, and to need all the influence and cash on the planet. The two associations hope to enlist individuals, in light of the fact that without selecting the associations couldn't endure. They search for handily controlled and individuals with almost no presence. The potential volunteers are generally individuals that can without much of a stretch adjust to their lifestyle and standard, no family ties, and need something to trust in.The associations offer them something t hey have never had, for example, love, duty, steadfastness, something to put stock in, and a reason. So as to finish their assignments, it takes a ton of cash. The two associations launder their cash through each other and genuine and legitimate organizations. Three weeks back, three trade-in vehicle vendors were shut down and the proprietors were captured for piping cash through the business for fear based oppressors. The least demanding activity with illicit cash is to turn it directly back around through a legitimate front. Through the underground system, the two associations have what is somewhat similar to a line of credit.It is fundamentally the same as wire move or they are given credit any place they are. For instance, when medications are offered to a criminal association in Afghanistan, the cash may not be gotten immediately or it might be gotten in another nation. This kind of money related foundation takes a long time to assemble and trust. The capacity to convey and glo balize has expanded the adequacy of the fear based oppressors and the benefit of the criminal associations. The two associations are utilizing innovation to effectively impart on various mainlands and work together.Technology has profited psychological oppressors by giving them another road for an assault. Digital psychological warfare is perhaps the greatest danger today. Occasions like September eleventh, have globalized fear based oppression and made psychological oppression the main goal of most nations. â€Å"The Age of Globalization has made the conditions permitting fear based oppressors and composed wrongdoing gatherings to unite. For example, the FARC in Columbia,† (Dangerous Alliance: Terrorism and Organized Crime, Ron Chepesiuk, 2007) Due to the rising connection among fear based oppression and composed wrongdoing the War on Terrorism has formed into a world effort.Terrorism and sorted out wrongdoing are two substances that are intensely looked for by law implement ation, so as to remain one stride ahead cooperating is an advantage for both. In the event that the psychological militant assi

Yoga And Mental Health - Free Essay Example

A person in such state is called a healthy person or Swastha. In this definition, Samadosha indicates the normal condition of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The imbalanced conditions that is either lower or higher condition is a state of disease. Likewise, Samagni means the normal condition or quality of the body’s Agni, the power or energy. If the Agni is abnormal and in low quality, it is called Mandagni. Mandagni also brings the state of disease. Ayurveda describes 7 types of body’s components which are called Sapta-Dhatu. These seven Dhatu includes Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Medas, Asthi, Majja and Shukra. All these components should be in balance and their functions must be proper, otherwise it is the abnormal state of health. The elimination of wastages is called Mala-Kriya. The balanced state of the Mala like Purisa (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sweda (Sweat) in the body also determines health or illness in the body. Ayurveda gives equal importance to the mental health. The Sutra gives more emphasis to the mental well-being. If a person wants to be healthy, his sensory and motor organs and mind have to be in happy and pleasant conditions instead of griefful, sad and imbalanced mind which leads to psychosomatic dis eases. Unhealthy body and mind do not play any role in the overall development of an individual, a society and a nation, but instead it harms the individual. Physical and mental health are important in every fields of economics, education, value, information, science, technology etc. The condition of mental health depends on different human qualities. Yogic theory of mental and personal quality is based on Tri-Guna such as Sattvika, Rajas and Tamas Guna of Vedic concept. Among these three Gunas, Sattva represents positive, stable, peaceful, joyful and blissful condition of mind which leads to positive behavior; Rajas represents unstabale, naughty, helter-skeltar and disorganized condition of mind which leads to excessive attachment over materialistic things, momentary pleasures and ultimately, it disturbs the mind and mental health. Sharma Tiwari (1993, p. 457) stated that according to Atharva-Veda, the one who behaves abnormally and is unable to keep the Guna’s level in a sufficient balance, he or she goes to abnormal condition. The ancient and modern thoughts are similar in the case of normal and abnormal behavior. According to brown (1940), â€Å"The chief tenet of modern psychopathology is that abnormal psychological phenomena are simply exaggeration s (i.e. overdevelopments or under-developments) or disguised (i.e., perverted) developments of normal psychological phenomena† (p.6). Since ancient age, the concept of the mental health and illness was developed. In Atharva-Veda, the nature of abnormal psychology and its therapy is included as insanity, mania, seizure-hysteria, epilepsy, fear-phobia, schizophrenia paranoia type, anger-rage, jealousy, feeling guilt and inferiority; eroticism, evil dream, sharp compulsive evil suggestion, memory and learning improvement, energising ego; integration and social harmony. Singh Tiwari, Ibid. pp. 457-458 Pradhan (2016), addressed that mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspective of the discipline of positive psychology or holism, mental health may include an individual’s ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. The review of literature revealed that the state of the mental health depends on work and workplace; behavior of friends, family members, teachers; quality of relationship and support from the ones considered close such as parents, family members; physical conditions; social participations, learning and teaching methods, family environment and financial condition. According to the scriptures of yoga, action (Karma), quality (Guna) and state of Chitta determines a person’s performance and overall mental health. Characteristics of Mentally Healthy Persons Lewkan (1949) defined mentally healthy person as the one who is happy, lives peacefully with her/his neighbours, strives to makes his children healthy citizens and after fulfilling such basic responsibilities is still empowered with sufficient strength to save the cause of the society. A mentally healthy person has some characteristics and indicators, among them the major ones are enlisted below: 1. Self respect, feeling selfless, secure and reverence for other 2. Positive emotions and autoenthusiasm 3 . Behaviour according to time/situation and adjustment 4. Knowledge and acceptance of one’s own shortcomings 5. True knowledge or estimation and right decision 6. General Intelligence and genuine contact with reality 7. Knowledge of own power and ability 8. Organized personality and hardworking 9. Firm determination and role execution 10. Learning from experience 11. Equal emphasis on personality, performance and behaviour Mishra Mishra (1989, p. 13-16)

Limitation on Animal Testing - 762 Words

â€Å"The reason we use animal tests is because we have a comfort level with the process . . . not because it is the correct process, not because it gives us any real new information.† (Anderson). There have been numerous new developments and technology in our society today, old fashion animal testing should not be the number one experiment to test new products and drugs. Science should be moving forward in technology, where there is cruelty free research and testing. The modern technology, we have today is cheaper and most of the time more effective than animal testing. So why are researchers still using animal testing as their number one source for test trials? There should be a law that prohibits unnecessary animal testing’s and limited the usage if animal testing is absolutely needed after the alternatives have failed in medical research .This would protect the animals’ lives, the environment, save on research dollars, and would improve the health and well- being of humans. Research institutions need to rethink their policies, and support more advance science. Animals are living, breathing emotional beings, and animal experimentation takes a large toll on animal’s life’s. In some cases, researchers try to minimize the pain and suffering experienced by animals in laboratories, but distress is guaranteed in animal experimentation because animals are held in isolated cages, forced to be inserted with disease, inflicted with injury, or killed at the end of the study. AnimalShow MoreRelatedHow Do The Contributions Of Animal Testing To Global Medical1309 Words   |  6 Pagescontributions of animal testing to global medical science justify whether or not it should be banned? According to the Humane Society International (HSI), animal testing or animal experimentation for medical research refers to the experimentation on live animals for the purposes of investigation on diseases, medical treatments, or fundamental biology. Charles Gross, a former member of the History of Neuroscience committee of the global Society for Neuroscience, states that animals were used for improvingRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing798 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year, animals are subjected to cruel and unnecessary experimentation. According to the USDA, â€Å"between 1990-1997 research labs registered with the USDA reported killing at least 12,895,885 dogs, cats, primates, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, bears, armadillos, squirrels, wild rodents and other species. This doesnt include non USDA registered labs† (â€Å"Wikianswers†). Lab animals are cut up and tortured to death all in the name of science. How can we as fellow animal species continue to allowRead MoreS hould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1114 Words   |  5 Pagesthe field of science has used animals in medical experiments worldwide, because of this innocent animals are being killed everyday. They are being tested with new drugs, new treatments, and by many makeup companies. Connecticut recently celebrated the passage of the â€Å"Beagle Freedom Law†, a law that requires laboratories to work with charities and rescue groups to find homes for research cats and dogs. Animals are being tested so humans do n ot have to be but animal tests do not reliably predict resultsRead MoreThe Effects Of Animal Testing Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Animal Testing Animal testing is by far, inhumane and downright unacceptable. Although, there are various types of organizations that are pro-animal care, such as, Animal Welfare information center, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare and, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals or, PETA, all in which do their best to keep animal testing as humane as possible, there are alternatives for finding cures or testing the safety of certainRead MoreAnimal Liberation By Peter Singer1329 Words   |  6 PagesKelsi Duncan Engl1030 Mr. Smith 09/24/2014 â€Å"Animal Liberation† Review Peter Singer’s essay on â€Å"Animal Liberation† was published in the New York Review in 1963. Ultimately, in this essay, Singer was trying to get humans to realize how they are treating non-humans, and that changes need to happen. Firstly, Singer claims that animals suffer just like humans do. He uses Jane Goodall and her chimpanzee research as an example. Jane Goodall taught a chimpanzee to talk with sign language, with this sheRead MoreShould Animals Be Granted The Rights And Protection Of Humans?1152 Words   |  5 PagesIf animals are so different from humans, then why should they be granted the rights and protection of humans as stated in our Constitution (Hurley, 1999, p. 49)? As the Bible states in Genesis 1:26, â€Å"And God said... Let them [human beings] have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth,†(â€Å"ProCon.org†, 2015). Mankind has rule over animals, to respect them and love them, but also to use them as necessary (Harnack, 1996). The AmericanRead MoreThe Anti Vivisection Society ( Aavs )1505 Words   |  7 PagesAnimals are living creatures and we should not experiment on them, forcing them to live with injuries or illnesses: It is wrong. We should not be able to manipulate them and hurt them forcing them to live with injuries or illnesses we inflicted without them being able to fight back. They suffer everyday being held in small cages with no freedom until they find their untimely end most likely being euthanized. Testing on animals is not even a reliable study; this is something that the American Anti-VivisectionRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1578 Words   |  7 PagesSuffering, â€Å"[e]very year in the U.S., over 25 million animals are used in biomedical experimentation, product and cosmetic testing, and science education.† Animal testing has been traced back to Aristotle and Erasistratus who according to Rachel Hajar f rom Animal Testing and Medicine, â€Å"[were] [e]arly Greek physician-scientists† that have conducted animal experiments. Another physician who has performed animal experimentations, Galen, â€Å"conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of anatomyRead MoreRight For Hunt Vs. Animal Rights955 Words   |  4 PagesRight to Hunt vs. Animal Rights On the topic of Animal Rights, subjects such as hunting can be addressed clearly as an unnecessary sport by many animal rights groups, however Jim Amrhein of The Daily Reckoning has brought to light many valuable points on the right to hunt. According to the Daily Reckoning website, the publication is a daily stock market observation stressing the economy, world politics, and travel. Mr. Amrhein reveals various statistics not only for the right to hunt, but also facts

Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment - 1415 Words

From plastic bags to pesticides - the greater part of the waste we deliver ashore inevitably reaches the oceans, either through purposeful dumping or from keeping running off through channels and waterways. This includes oil spills, which cause colossal harm to the marine environment - yet actually are in charge of just around 12% of the oil entering the oceans every year. Stated by the US National Research Council, 36% descends channels and waterways as waste and spillover from urban communities and industry. Manure overflow from homesteads and gardens is a tremendous issue for waterfront ranges. The additional supplements reason eutrophication - thriving of algal blossoms that drain the water s broken up oxygen and suffocate other†¦show more content†¦Sewage transfer In numerous parts of the world, sewage streams untreated, or under-treated, into the sea. For instance, 80% of urban sewage released into the Mediterranean Sea are untreated.This sewage can likewise prompt eutrophication. Moreover, it can bring about human illness and lead to shoreline terminations. Dangerous chemicals-Almost every marine living being, from a minor tiny fish to whales and polar bears, is polluted with man-made chemicals, for example, pesticides and chemicals utilized as a part of the normal customer product.Some of these chemicals enter the ocean through intentional dumping. For a considerable length of time, the seas have been an advantageous dumping ground for waste created ashore. This proceeded until the 1970s, with dumping adrift the acknowledged practice for transfer of about everything, including dangerous material, for example, pesticides, substance weapons, and radioactive waste. Dumping of the most poisonous materials was banned from the London Dumping Convention in 1972, and a changed bargain at 1996 (the London Convention) further confined what could be dumped adrift. Be that as it may, there are still the issues of as of now dumped lethal material, and even the transfer of allowed substances adrift can be a generous ecological hazard.Chemicals additionally enter the ocean from area based exercises. Chemicals can escape

My Writing Experience in English 102 free essay sample

In the following essay , I will reflect on how my writing has improved and the affect of English 102 on my writing. Then I will touch on how I have attempted to overcome my weaknesses with my writing and my research project. The biggest thing I have learned from English 102 is how to become a better writer. Writing is a difficult process for me. Originally starting the writing process in English 102 , I thought writing would difficult for me and would not meet the course goals. I took this class for two reason ; It was a degree requirement and I wanted improve my writing skills. Even though the course difficult, I learned a lot about the writing process. I took English 101 at MATC. So, I never had a portfolio formatted class before taking English 102. Improving my critical analysis skill was a must. As I reflect upon my strengths and weaknesses as they relate to my writing, I think of the old saying about how my â€Å" my greatest weaknesses became my greatest strength† applies here. We will write a custom essay sample on My Writing Experience in English 102 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of problems I have with writing is expressing my ideas and thoughts in concise and coherent manner. As the semester progressed toward its end, I have learned new writing skills and gradually learned how to engage with audience. This skill was very useful in meeting my course goals in English 102. When I was going to school some few years back , I had to lookup up sources manually on card catalog . Now that time has past , the creation of the internet has revolutionized the research process. This technology allows a beginning researcher like myself to search for articles with just using key words. The internet significantly help improve my research and writing skills. Even with the with computer , my research skills were average. My research skills to gather creditable information improved , after a tutorial session in the libriary. I would consider myself a decent writer with strengths and areas to work on. My writing strengths include being able to create coherent and concise ideas. However, I feel that I can work on several aspect of my writing still. While I am improving , I feel that my thesis statement could have been better. I should have develop my thesis through many stages , not just using the first version that pop to mind. I believe that if I had developed my thesis more completely ,my writing would be of better quality and more focused. Peer review of my controlling purpose and thesis statements helped me generate a thesis and purpose statement that worked with my research project. Another area that I feel I could work on to improve myself as writer is expand upon my ideas more. While I have good ideas , I feel I often stop too soon to present a completely well thought out analysis. Writing assignments helped me with some of the constraints on my writing. Writing a critical analysis essay such as the one in English 102 is much different than writing a simple paper. The strict and academic nature of English 102 has demanded me to change my writing stlye. I consider my greatest strength as a writer to be my insightfulness and creative slant which I approach my writing. I now know how critical inquiry works and I enthusiastically grasp the details of my sources with eagerness and relate to them. In other words , I engage with my sources. I enjoyed gathering sources for research project and tried to explain them to my audience. Curiosity lead me to do a detailed evaluation of my sources. Reading my sources more than once, allowed me to understand what the authors were trying to say. My choices of sources reflect my interest in a variety of writing styles. I used critical analysis to pick apart my sources for useful details. Now let me reflect back on my research project. My goal with my project was about the power of words , which may render positive or negative results. In doing my research on words and labels, I learned how powerful the written or spoken word can be. Words tell much more than stories. Stories tell about life and the human condition. But, words define and transform human life through labels and symbols. Words let us express our feelings and emotions. To meet the course goals , I took my research project through several stages in the writing process. I believe that the writing process differ from person to person. We were given the assignment to write several annotations of sources . There were four scholarly articles and four non-scholarly articles. The purpose of this assignment was to generate information for the first draft of research project. What helped me choose the articles I did was the article by Shadle and Davis. In the article , Shadle and Davis proposed alternatives to traditional research. The main purpose of the article was to urge the student like myself to become critical inquiry writer. This is one of course goals I am aiming for. These alternatives offer me an opportunity to engage in research with a personal choice. With this new found freedom of choice, I could choose my own research topic. So I chose the topic on the power of rhetoric. I chose this topic because I knew words had power but, I wanted to know why. Doing research writing is like a detective solving a mystery. You must go beyond the surface to find the evidence. I critically analyzed my research project sources. There are two of my sources that met my original expections. In this article , she describes how the label T. A. constructed her idenity. The label created a dual I dentity . I called it a dual identity complex because she has to play two roles. These two roles created a conflict between the teacher- student paradigm; the teacher who is possessor of knowledge and the student seeker of knowledge. The way she presented the information caught my intention immediately, that why I chose this article.

Self Of Damasio And Descartes Essays - Philosophy, Metaphysics

Self Of Damasio And Descartes 1. Explain Damasio's view as to what Descartes' error is, and why he thinks Descartes is "in error"? How do Descartes and Damasio differ as to what the"self" is? Damasio and Descartes differ greatly as to what the "self" is all about. They have different answers to the philosophical question of what makes up the self, and determines who a person is. A person's identity is more than just the body they both agree, but have different reasons why. Descartes is also known as " the founder of modern philosophy" he is most known for his cogito argument of "I think therefore I am". He thinks that one cannot doubt their own existence because something must be doing the doubting. Although, that statement was refuted later by some, who said the fact that you think pre-assumes existence. Descartes also refutes skeptics by saying that they cannot deny they are thinking and something must be undergoing that thinking, so one cannot deny that they exist. Descartes starts his arguments by saying that God is the guaranteed, and uses his existence to prove other things. First though, he says he will not believe anything until he proves that God exists. Once he does this using the circular argument, he proceeds to talk about the separation of mind and body and his beliefs. The circular argument simply states that if you believe in the light of nature, you believe in God, and if you believe the causality principles you believe in the other two. He believes that the mind and body are two entirely separate entities, the soul is independent from the body, and the mind is for reason and rationality. The emotions of the body are what interfere with reason, and the body is used for all of the sensory things such as sound, sight, and pain. Based on this, he thinks that a person cannot know a substance. The way a person can "know" a substance is only through its qualities. For example, one cannot know soap; they can only associate its qualities such as scent, shape, and color. "How does one know the notion of color?" he speculates. One can only know a substance through experience. Descartes argument with the wax shows his idea of how one does not experience the thing itself, but its properties. These physical characteristics are the only way to relate to the body, which one cannot know. One can only experience or "know" the mind. This leads to his discussion of complex and primitive ideas. Primitive ideas require experience, and complex ideas do not. A complex idea is something like the notion of infinity, or language. Descartes believed there was no definition of infinity, and would not accept a negative definition to resolve his problem. He believed that God was the infinite thing. The only widely accepted belief at that time was that mathematics were undeniable, and ever present in the world. Essentially the world is composed of mathematics, which gave a lot of merit to his proof of the existence of God. Another two principles Descartes used to further his arguments were that of formal and objective reality. The idea of formal reality is that formal reality is what is actually out there in the world, kind of the ultimate truth. Objective reality on the other hand is the ideas that are in our minds, what we perceive to be true. Descartes comes to the conclusion that an idea must have at least as much formal reality as objective reality. He also uses this notion to further his proof of God's existence. He wants to find an idea that has more objective reality than formal reality. This, he deduces, is God. He also comes to the conclusion that people cannot be the cause of an idea like God because it doesn't have as much formal reality as objective reality. This means that as humans we cannot know for sure what the formal reality is, but what we do know is objective reality. Unless God is a deceiving demon this must mean that he exists, because why would he create a world of deception, when he is a perfect being? In other words, God obviously exists because what we know to be true about him must be true, because there is no truer formal reality in regards to the idea of God. Eventually a problem arises for Descartes known as the Mind-Body problem. He observes that one can fully understand their own mind, thus understand their

Pronouncing the Spanish C and Z

Pronouncing the Spanish C and Z The letter c of Spanish has three sounds that are very different from each other - and one of those three sounds, which is also the z sound of Spanish, varies with the region. Fortunately, the distinction as to which sound is used follows a rule much like that used in determining the pronunciation of c in English. 3 Pronunciations of C The sound of the c depends on the letter that follows: When the c is followed by h, the two letters together form the ch sound, which is very similar to the the ch sound of English in words such as church and cheap. It is never pronounced like the ch in architecture (the Spanish equivalent is arquitectura).When the c is followed by any other consonant or by the vowel  o, or u, it has sound of the English k but is slightly less explosive. Note that the English c has approximately the same sound when followed by the same letters. Thus casa (house) is pronounced much like CAH-sah, and clase (class) is pronounced much like CLAH-seh.The third sound is the one that varies by region. For most Spanish speakers, including nearly all in Latin America, the c is pronounced much like the English s when it comes before an e or i. Note that the same is true in English. So cielo (sky) is pronounced much like SYEH-loh for most Spanish speakers, and cena (dinner) is pronounced much like SEH-nah. However, in most of Spain, especially outside the areas wh ere Catalan is also spoken, the c before e or i is pronounced much like that th in thin - but not the th in that. In most of Spain, then, cielo is pronounced like THYEH-low and cena like THEH-nah. (To avoid confusion between the two th sounds, linguists sometimes represent the unvoiced th with ÃŽ ¸, the Greek letter theta. So the pronunciations of the two words might be represented as ÃŽ ¸YEH-loh and ÃŽ ¸EH-nah.) Contrary to a common urban legend, the third sound of c in Spain is not a lisp. It is simply the way the letter is pronounced. Pronouncing the Z The third c sound represents the z sound as well. The z sound doesnt vary with the letters that follow. You can hear the letter, including regional variations, pronounced here. Note that the z sound doesnt have the buzz that it does in English. So while you may be tempted to prononce zumbar (to hum) as someing like zoom-BAHR, its correct pronunciation is either soom-BAHR or thoom-BAHR, depending on whether youre in Spain or Latin America. In the word pizza, however, the double-z is generally pronounced in imitation of Italian, giving the word a pronunciation similar to what it has in English. Spelling With the C and Z With few exceptions, the z isnt followed by an e or i; a c is used before those letters instead. Thus the equivalent of zero is cero, zinc is cinc, and zebra is cebra. Among the few exceptions are words of foreign origin such as zigzaguear (to zigzag) and zepelà ­n (zeppelin). When a noun or adjective ends in z and is made plural, the z changes to c. Thus the plural of faz (face) is faces, and the plural of pez (fish) is peces. More examples: una actriz feliz, dos actrices felices (one happy actress, two happy actresses)una nariz, tres narices (one nose, three noses)la luz, las luces (the light, the lights)el juez voraz, los juezes voraces (the greedy judge, the greedy judges) The c and z can also change in conjugated verb forms. The z changes to c if it becomes followed by an e, so one of the forms of empezar (to begin) is empecà ©. Also, the c changes to qu when followed by an e or i, so the forms of tocar (to touch or play) include toquà © and toquemos. Some other examples of verb  conjugations affected by these spelling rules: comenzar, comencà ©, que comiences, que comiencen (to begin, I began, that you begin, that they begin)trozar, trocà ©, que troces, que troccen (to break, I break, that you break, that they break)cocer, que yo cueza. que cozamos (to cook, that I cook, that we cook)